INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Social Relationship And Tax Types In The XIX - XX Century In Bukhara Emirate Оchildiev F.B Abstract: By the beginning of the 19th century, the socio-economic and cultural life of the emirate was retained. The low standard of living of the population, the fact that the land ownership pattern has not changed for hundreds of years, excessive taxes and fees have hampered the development of crafts, commerce and other industries in the country. Unprotected ordinary citizens of the country have been subject to c onstant tax and government pressure. This would not allow the population to live freely and improve their lives. Keywords: Bukhara Emirate, tax system, socio-economic life of Bukhara region, Emirate’s population —————————— —————————— 1. INTRODUCTON At the Denov station, Khodzhiniyozboy gave the judge a The wealthy people and wealthy peasants used to buy low- 1,500 coin to divorce his wife (Madjlisov 1967) . From these priced land and the rights of orphans and orphans who data it is clear that those who are rich are not doing their could not afford to cultivate their land for the sake of best to buy Sharia leaders. In the second half of the 19th expanding their land and benefiting more. There are many and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the population's reasons for this. For example, in 1870 Mullah Ishaqkhoja, protest against the tax policy of the Bukhara government who lived in Baysun station, bought a quarter of the increased. The single tax has increased to 40% by this underage son of a simple farmer Berdikul at a relatively low time. In 1871, there were protests by the local population in price, for 12 coins (Madjlisov 1967). There are also cases Karshi and Guzar which turned into a major uprising. The where large-scale landowners are unable to cultivate their number of protesters quickly exceeds 10,000, and the land, giving them a certain amount of money or other insurgents surround the market and the fortress and products on a return basis. In some cases, their land was devastate it (Central State Archives of Republic of th th rented out to farmers and they received 1/5 of the harvest Uzbekistan. Reserve 1, list 34 , 109 folding volume, 17 during the harvest. Thus, the land of several peasants who page). In 1874 there were revolts against the local could not pay their debts was seized(Madjlisov 1967) . In all government and tax collectors in Baljuvan, in 1885 in the of the stops, there were frequent cases of withdrawal of village of Muminabad in Kulyab region (Muhsinova 1965) , farmers' land and mortgage loans. Mohammed Mukumboy in 1886 in Gissar and Baljuvan, and in 1889 in Karat and Sultanboy, a farmer living in the Sariasi estate, borrowed Kalif (Central State Archives of Republic of Uzbekistan. th th from an elder. In return, one tanner in Gazarak village Reserve 2, list 1 , 26 folding volume, 23 page). Not all of pledges to Sultanboy. In 1892 Muqumboy appealed to the these revolts are successful, but they force local authorities judge of Sari'ah asking him to return the land of Shari'a (a to yield to the population, at least. By the second half of the unit of measurement, 60 x 60 sq.), But the judge had no 19th century, East Bukhara buses were considered semi- right to sue him until he paid the 11,500 coins. At the Denov independent, with some irregularities in the collection of station, Elijah the son of Giyas leases a garland from taxes resulting in frequent riots. About 50 taxes and duties Cainbill, paying an annual rent of 170 coins. But he can't were introduced in the Bukhara Emirate, which the pay the rent on time. In three years the rent will reach 500 population had to pay. These taxes and fees are also coins. As a result, Cainbai seized the tenant's house and collected from the stations of Eastern Bukhara, such as gave her another six months. If you do not pay within this Sherabad, Denau, and Baysun. time limit, you will be required to give up your home (Madjlisov 1967) Shari'a scholars have also misused their The following is a list of the main types of taxes positions and have convinced the local population of the collected from the population: tricks they have devised. Where they have money, they 1. The tax on Kharaj-arable lands, including tithe. ignore Sharia laws and commit illegal acts. For example, 2. Customs tax. Denau's judge, Mirrahmon Khudoyberdi, has given 3. Alafpuli is derived from alfalfa and cattle sucking. Togaymurad an underage 12-year-old orphan girl to 4. The tax on garden grapes. coincide with the age of 15 for Makhtamboy Mullo Mir 5. Fish tax - the tax on fruit gardens. Ahmad(Gafurov 1940). In some cases, the scholars of the 6. Ajnos is derived from melons and vegetables. Shari'a did not renounce any prejudice in their own 7. Melon money - tax on melons and watermelons. interests. For example, Hamroqulboy, the son of Yunusboy, 8. Equipment tax - the tax on planting trees and grafting. who lives in Baysun station, paid 400 coins to the judge to 9. Sanjit money - Payment for sanjit trees. 1 divorce his daughter, Odinabibi. 10. Polygamy - building materials and the tax on firewood . 11. Leaf money - Silk Tax. ____________________ 12. Double coin payment from double oxen. 13. Yaksara money - payment from one driver. candidate of historical sciences, docent of the department 14. Zakah is a tax on retail livestock. archaeology and ethnography of the National University of 15. Tax on amino-water use and marketable products. Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulughbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan ([email protected]) 723 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 16. Tagjoy money is from marketers. government in the emirate was not followed. Taxes and 17. Military-tax type. payments are not uniform. Taxes and fees collected from 18. Payment for irrigation facilities - Bogia the population at the eastern Bukhara stations differ slightly 19. Horns and nails are made from building materials (cane, from the stops in West Bukhara. Local officials routinely hay). violated Sharia laws and practically did not. In addition to 20. Payment for cleaning lobbies. the taxes set by the Bukhara government, beekeepers and 21. The tax on water that can be taken from a landfill and property owners imposed a number of additional payments land. and demanded payment from farmers and artisans. 22. The pocket money is for the water lifting device. Obligation to pay Zakoti retail, double bills, yaksara, Asian 23. Payment from the Asian money-mills. money, objujoz money, tax and hay are not specified and 24. Objuvoz money is made from rice mills. the exact amount is not specified. However, local 25. The money for the boat was taken by boat on the river. governments, such as beekeepers and property owners, 26. Farsakh bridge-road bridge.(Majlisov 1967) were compelled to pay the population by introducing 27. Juzya money - Jewish tax. additional payments for their benefit. The exact amount of 28. Arab tax - Arab tax. additional payments has not been fixed at any one time, so 29. The tax on hunter money-hunters. local authorities collect taxes on their own and at their own 30. An emergency military tax is payable. expense. Although officially formally taxed in Eastern 31. The tax on the guard and guard costs. Bukhara from 1/3 to 1/7, practically ½ was taken. Prior to 32. Because the school earns money. the commencement of field work, the two peasants were 33. Zakat is a sales tax. required to pay 4 to 8 coins for each pair of cattle, 60 coin 34. Water money - payment for cargo transported by water. for each horse and 8 coins for each bull. Individuals of one 35. Taxation in favor of the Secretary-Secretary. cow paid half a penny of wheat. The money collected from 36. Well money was taken for the use of well water. this was completely donated. Despite the fact that the 37. The courtyard tax is a property tax. Kaffan farmers paid the tribute, they were obliged to pay 38. Hashar money is from those who did not participate in one pound of wheat for each baton of agricultural produce the hashar. as a share of the estate. Furnace bridge and mill cleaning 39. Tax on marriage-marriage education. fee. From 20 to 100 coins depending on the quantity of 40. Horses - drawn from carts and car owners ( Central refined product. The proceeds from the rigs were also State Archives of Republic of Uzbekistan. Reserve 126, list donated directly to the beekeeper. Mirobona is an irrigation 1 , 1268th folding volume, 76th page) officer appointed by the beekeeper. He obeyed a local According to the report of the charity, the Bukhara emirate landlord, whose business spanned over the summer. In collected the following amount of stops: 270,000 from favor of the mirob, each farmer could pay for a pair of cattle Gissar station, 70,000 from Kulyab station, 140,000 from from one Batman product or for cash. If he had to pay with Guzar, 75,000 from Denau, 38,000 from Karki, 135,000 money, he would have to pay for the most expensive from Shahrisabz, and 100,000 from Sherabad. (Central product on the market, that is, rice. Depending on the State Archives of Republic of Uzbekistan. Reserve 1, list 34 size of the boar (depending on how many gardens or how , 109th folding volume, 17th page) .