ANI HB OPOL OGICAL RECORDS 11:2 A MOHAVE HISTORICAL EPIC BY A. L. KROEBER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA West of River East of River 1 Hamulye-ttieme 2 Amat-kuvataqanye A Miakwa orve 4 Arnata-hotave ........ 5 Hanemo- 'ara 6 Aksam-kusaveve....... 7 &okupita-to8ompove ...... B Avi-kutaparve ..... 8 Avi-itlierqe -+A 18o-kuva'ire. 1 KwilyeE)ki 2 Avi-tutara....... 3 Nyamasave-kwahave C Avi-kwa-'ahwata 6 Aqwer-tunyive SCT 7 Ahtlye~- 'samata 9 Amat-kukyeta.......... B Qara'erve Rc2ry'vile 10 Hukelyeme 10 Aha-kwae)o'ilye lOx Malyko-vet!ierqe 5 11 Huk0ara-tsimanive C Selye'aye-kumitle 12 Ahmo-ke-tlimpape +- D Sukwily-'ihu 2 M 13 Muhunyake 12 Aha-havasu NT QO E Aqwaq-iove 6.0~R 14 Hanyo-kumas8)eve 9........ 15 Kuya-k-aqwaEGa O6 15x Mobilye-halye-tapmevelo D Mat-aqwaE)-kutyepe .-4 F Selye'aye-tumatt ~-Mhv 17 Amai-nye-qotase 18 Aha-kevare E Hokusave G Kamahnulye E, 16 Oyatr-ukyulyuve 17 Akatai-vasalyve \ ............ F Hattioqvatveve -.H (Aha-so8ape 3.0....OO Hx Aha-kuma9)e'e ........ 20 Vanyor-ivava 20a Kamus-huvutatte - 328NAR 20b Akyase-t-EOitlive 21 Aha-tsepuve 23 2la I-x -tulkoro . 8R G Amat-kusayi if-.I Qav-kuivahaX. 35 Ix Hamka-vaaulveX 20 Av'a-eemulye o- 22 TS'ies-ivave 23 Aha-'anya .. ..... H Avi-haly-kwa'ampa -.J Amat-tasilyke .... ji Jx Ae'i-kupome Hbo24F 24 Sa ontlive, Seqwaltiive 4 24a Ahahta 25 Aha-kupinye, -kuminye ...........P5 PO 21 Selye 'aye-ittierqe .0 26 Aqaq-nyi-va 3-.**~~ 22 Amat-kaputior-a, -ilyase 25 Ihne-va'uve~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~2. A MOHAVE HISTORICAL EPIC BY A. L. KROEBER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 11, No. 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDffORs: E. W. GIFFORD, R. F. HEIZER, J. H. ROWE Volume 11, No. 2, pp. 71-176, 1 diagram, 2 maps Sublnitted by editors February 2, 1951 Issued October 31, 1951 Price, $1.00 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND MAANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERCA CONTENTS Page Part 1. Circumstances and nature of the tale .................................71 Part 2. Outline of the story .. .. ...-.... 74 Part 3. Annotated text of the narrative ..................-.-.................0 go....... 77 A. he emigration from Mohave VaUey ................................................. 77 B. First attempted invasion ..............Is.....*......a........0 77 C. The second entry under Umase'lka......* * * ..........................a,.78 *** . D. The gambling boy..*. 0 0 0 79 E. The gambling boy's exile ......a.......................................... 82 F. The gambling boy's return . ................. 83 G. War: the gambling boy's people expel Umase'akas o ............ 85 H. The emigrants near the sea start to return. .. ..0 0.87 I. In the desert vith Hipahipa .. 88 J. Peaceful return to Mohave Valley under Hipahipa.. 0 93 K. Tensions commence and mount o. 96 L. The Mohave repel an attack but leave the valley .. 98 M. Preparation and return in force . -. 99 N. Beginning of the reconquest under Hipahipa . * ................................. .. .. .101 0. Completion of the reconquest underHhi-tutiflme. .-...* .o - . ..............102 P. The taking ofthe land by totemic kin groups ... ..........................................103 Q. The counterattack and its failure ..o...............o o o .......................... 104 R. A half-Walapai boy visits his Mohave kin ...*e .. 000... ......105 Part 4. Comparisons.000 ..0..........a.... ....... ............. .. 107 A. American cosmogonic and tribal myths ............................... ... 107 B. Other Mohave and Yuman narratives ..00@0000. .. ..................108 C. Epics and other literaryproducts ... ..o o o o . ........109 Part 5. The question of historic basis orlcbasls*. ............... .. .. ... .. .....110. A. Period covered by the narrative . ...o. 110 Chronological outline . .......... ............. 111 B. The supernatural element... ... .. ... ... .. 112 Summary of supernatural, magical, or exaggerated......................elements.....o o a o o 113 C. The totemic*an system . a . 114 I. Clans accounted for by land attributions in tale .*eo. ......................114 II. Comparison with Bourke's clan list . .. 116 III. Relative importance of clans .. ...oo . 116 IV. References in text of narrative to clans, clan names, and totems . a . .. 117 D. General considerationsas to hstoricityo ........... o o o o o o o ............................. 117 Part 6. Literary qualities of the tale .... .. ................................................120 A. Classified index of personages .......................................................... 120 I. Major Mohave leaders....................a........a............................120 H. Other Mohave leaders . ......... 123 III. Clan land-takers .................... ..124. IV. Foreign or enemy leaders 0.. ....... ..................124 V. Other non-Mohave personages.................... o o o 125o VIo Women . ....... .......126 B. Character portrayal and motivation. ............................. .0127 ... C. Plot and narrative skill. ......... 130 D. Exaggeration . .. * . ............131 E. Formal devices . ................ ...o . 132 F. Condensation i translation ............ 0.......................... 133 Part 7.Othererrsionsa. ............... .. ........ .... a 134 A. Kunalye's Hipahipa narrative .0. 0... .. .. 134 B. Episodic fragment from Nyavarup.............................. ......136 C. Vlnlmulye-patEe. 0.0................*** * 0 135 D. Coyote .0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 136 E. Bourke'sfragmentsonmigration.*goooeO O ................... 136 iii Part 8. Geography and itineraries ....................................137 A. General consideration ............... 137 B. Mlohave Valley: Map1 . .... ...... 138 I. Miohave Valley, east side ....................138 II. Mohave Valley. west side. ................................ 140 III. Opposites in Mohave Valley .. .......... 141 C. The River beloNvwlohave Valley: Mlap 2 ..................................141 I. East side of river belov Mohave Valley o .. ... .............. 141 E. West side of river belowMohave Valley o .. .....a 143 III. Hipahipa's second invasion, trek up river .....o 143 IV. River portion of Hipahipa's journey from Kohoye to Ahakwarhel a ............................ 143 D. The Southeastern desert: Map 2 .. a . 144 I. he gambler in the desert:flight and return ....................a...........................144 II. Flight of Umase'ika's invaders back to the Gila. - o o o o o o o o o ............a......... 145 III. Comparative addendum Gd81um8a.. .o o ..................a.146 IV. Northward migrants turn east into desert ....... 147 V. Movements in the desert .......... .... 148 VI. Hipahipa's first nove from desert to valley . ... ... .. .. 148 VII. Hipahipa's return to desert after first residence in the valley . ...................... 148 VII. Hipahipa's summons, scalp dance, and beginning of second..........................148invasion ...*. XI. Hipahipa's notifications, scouting, and scalp taking ...-............. .........................149 X. General considerations about the southeastern desert . .. ...149 MAPS 1. Mohave Valley. frontispiece 2. The Colorado River below Mohave Valley and the desert to the east .. ..... tailpiece iv ABBREVIATIONS AAA-M American Anthropological Association, Memoir AFLS-M American Folk Lore Society, Memoir BAE Bureau of American Ethnology -B Bulletin -R Report JAFL Journal of American Folk Lore UC University of California Publications -AR Anthropological Records -PAAE American Archaeology and Ethnology REFERENCES There are a few anticipatory cross references, especially of place names, to Mohave narratives largely readied for publica- tion -- the text and footnotes now in final shape, the interpretation only partly written. These tales will form a third instal- ment of Mohave myths. The first instalment, Seven Mohave Myths (UC-AR 11:1, 1948) contained the following: I. Cane II. Vinimulye-patse III. Nyohaiva IV. Raven V. Deer VI. Coyote VII. Mastamho For convenience these will be cited by arabic numbers, giving number of myth and paragraph (1:14). The second instalment, the present Migration Epic, will be cited hereafter as 8. The third instalment will comprise IX. Origins X. Alyha XI. Tumanpa XII. Salt XIII . Chuhueche XIV . Goose XV. War XVI. Fragments There will also be cited in arabic, as Goose (14:40). Also ready for press are the text and notes (but not the commentary) of two historical narratives, one on tribal wars, the other on the Olive Oatman captivity. PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND DIACRITICS e English surd th, as in thick a English voiced th, as in this tJ English ch t Palatal t, with effect nearly of English tr q Velar k ny, ly Palatalized n, 1, as in onion, million; the y is not a vowel a, I, u Long 8,8 Long, open A MOHAVE HISTORICAL EPIC BY A. L. KROEBER PART 1 CIRCUMSTANCES AND NATURE OF THE TALE The story of the recording of this tale is this. individual Mohaves; but I now suspect that no one had then In a previous visit to the Mohave I had learned of their leamed and reelaborated a version of the migration legend in male-lineage clans or simulye, known each by the namewhich several decades. If this is a fact, it was the very last of the all the women bom in the clan shared, these names in turn crop of aged migration dreamers that I encountered at Need- having totemic reference or connotation, though in most of les about 1900 to 1905. the names no etymologic denotation of the totemic animal or However, in March, 1902, my customary guide and inter- object was apparent.