ART HISTORY AP ROMANESQUE ART EUROPE IN THE ROMANESQUE PERIOD o small political and economic units o 1075: Pope Gregory VII= only the pope could appoint bishops and abbots o Political and Economic Life . agricultural society . feudalism: system of subordinates and vassals . The Worcester Chronicle 3 classes of medieval society: the king and nobles, the churchmen, and the peasant farmers earliest known illustrated recorded of contemporary events in England o The Church . church and state had forged an often fruitful alliance . secular and religious authority became tightly intertwined . Pilgrimages Jerusalem, Rome, and Santiago de Compostela . Crusades despite the schism, Byzantine emperor asked the pope for help in his war with the Muslims expeditions against Islamic powers 1st Crusade: 1088-1099 o crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 1147 Crusade accomplished noting 3rd Crusade: Saladin recaptured Jerusalem, sparking initiative 1192: truce with the Muslims o Intellectual Life . time of intellectual ferment . rediscovered the classical Greek and Roman texts . 1st universities: Bologna, Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge . monastic communities continued to play an important role dominant order: the Benedictines ROMANESQUE ART o Romanesque= in the Roman manner o 11th -12th century European architecture and art o solid masonry walls o rounded arches and vaults characteristic of imperial Roman buildings o great building activity: castles, manor houses, churches, and monasteries arose everywhere o Architecture . master builders process of building could be slow, several different masters and teams of masons over the years . added apses or wide projecting transepts, creating complex sanctuaries . variety of arrangements of ambulatories (walkways) and chapels . adopted the stone masonry developed by Lombard and Catalan builders . masonry vaults enhanced acoustics . two-towered west façade= the gateway to paradise . The Early Romanesque Styles: The “First Romanesque” The Church of Sant Vincenc, Cardona . The “Pilgrimage Church” The Cathedral of Saint James in Santiago de Compostela The Monastery of Cluny in Burgundy The Abbey Church of Saint Peter . The Cistercians spurned Cluny’s elaborate liturgical practices and emphasis on the arts reform began in 1098 strict mental and physical discipline devoted to prayer and intellectual pursuits The Abbey and Church of Notre-Dame at Fontenay . Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture Early Christian Inspiration in Pisa Monte Cassino and Rome; the Church of San Clemente, Rome Barrel Vaulted Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe Four-Part Ribbed Vaults of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan The Imperial Cathedral of Speyer Experimental Vaults in Durham The Church of Saint-Etienne, Caen . Secular Architecture: Dover Castle, England THE DECORATION OF BUILDINGS o Architectural Sculpture . architecture dominated the arts . provided the physical context for sculpture and painting . most important imagery is usually in the semicircular tympanum directly over the door . archivolts- curved molding composed of the wedge-shape stone voussoirs of the arch- frame the tympanum . also on jambs and central pier (trumeau) . Wiligelmus at the Cathedral of Modena . Priory Church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac . Gislebetrus and The Last Judgement at Autun o Historiated Capitals . compression of instructive narrative scenes into the geometric confines of column capitals, a feature known as the historiated capital . Suicide of Judas o Mosaics and Murals . painted decoration largely replaced mosaics on the walls of churches . greater number of churches led to the use of less expensive materials and techniques . The Mosaics of San Clement, Rome . Murals in Taull (Tahull), Catalunya, Spain, Christ in Majesty . Murals in the Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, France Tower of Babel THE CLOISTER CRAFTS o monastic workshops continued to dominate the production of works of art o Portable Sculpture . painted wood used for churches with limited means . devotional images were frequently carried in procession . Christ on the Cross (Majestat Batillo) . Mary as the Throne of Wisdom o Metalwork . Tomb of Rudolf of Swabia . Reiner of Huy o Illustrated Books . output of books increased dramatically . Saint Matthew in the Codex Colbertinus . The German Nun Guda . The Hellmouth in the Winchester Psalter . Cisterian Devotion to Mary, The Tree of Jesse .