A Holistic Lens on Rice Value Chain Pathways in Senegal; Application of “The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Agriculture and Food” Framework Barbara Gemmill-Herren, Renée van Dis, Tabara Ndiaye, Jean Michel Waly Sene Henok Yimer, Gunda Zuellich, Seydina Ousmane Sene Photo credit: CTA Pejeriz project field visit, rice harvest in Senegal, available at: https://flic.kr/p/2gMBYnM A report prepared for the TEEB AgriFood Initiative (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Agriculture and Food) United Nations Environment Geneva, Switzerland Reviewers: Harpinder Sandhu1, Mandiaye Diagne2, Gaudiose Mujawamariya2, Carl Obst3, Andrea Bassi4, Jacob Salcone5, Pablo Vidueira6 Copy editor: Lucy Cockerell5 1 Flinders University 2 Africa Rice Centre 3 IDEEA 4 KnowlEdge Srl 5 UNEP - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) 6 Global Alliance for the Future of Food 2 Table of Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 8 2. Dimensions of rice beyond yields ........................................................................................................... 14 3. Application of the TEEBAgriFood Framework ......................................................................................... 17 4. The Eco-Agri Rice Food System in Senegal from multiple perspectives: farmer, researcher, civil society, governance/think tank) ................................................................................................................. 21 4.1. Farming systems issues ................................................................................................................... 23 4.2. Land tenure issues ........................................................................................................................... 26 4.3. Research and development on the production level ...................................................................... 28 4.4. Training and education .................................................................................................................... 30 4.5. Traditional knowledge ..................................................................................................................... 32 4.6. Irrigated rice production - General .................................................................................................. 34 4.7. Irrigated rice production - Seeds and genetic diversity ................................................................... 38 4.8. Irrigated rice production - Water management practices .............................................................. 40 4.9. Irrigated rice production - Fertilizer management practices .......................................................... 43 4.10. Irrigated rice production - Residue management ......................................................................... 46 4.11. Irrigated rice production - Management of greenhouse gas emissions ....................................... 48 4.12. Irrigated rice production - Pest and weed management .............................................................. 49 4.13. Rice production - Addressing salinization...................................................................................... 53 4.14. Rice production - Inputs and subsidies .......................................................................................... 55 4.15. Rice production - Agricultural credit ............................................................................................. 56 4.16. Diversification, integration of fish with rice .................................................................................. 58 4.17. Rainfed lowland or upland rice production - General ................................................................... 61 4.18. Import vs. domestic production .................................................................................................... 63 4.19. Employment .................................................................................................................................. 64 4.20. Equity ............................................................................................................................................. 66 4.21. Environmental impact ................................................................................................................... 67 4.22. Fair pricing ..................................................................................................................................... 68 3 4.2. Rice processing ..................................................................................................................................... 69 4.2.1. Processing infrastructure and investment ................................................................................... 69 4.2.2. Ownership of processing facilities ................................................................................................ 72 4.2.3. Use of rice by-products ................................................................................................................. 72 4.3. Rice distribution ................................................................................................................................... 74 4.3.1. Transportation .............................................................................................................................. 74 4.3.2. Continuity of supply ...................................................................................................................... 74 4.3.3. Rice markets-general .................................................................................................................... 75 4.3.4. Organization of marketing ............................................................................................................ 76 4.3.5. Credit in the value chain ............................................................................................................... 76 4.4. Rice consumption ................................................................................................................................. 77 4.4.1. Consumption patterns and policies .............................................................................................. 77 4.4.2. Local demand vs. imported .......................................................................................................... 80 4.4.3. Cultural importance ...................................................................................................................... 82 4.4.4. Food security/food sovereignty.................................................................................................... 83 4.4.5. Governance across the food value chain...................................................................................... 84 5. Another Road Taken: Articulation of Coherent Policy Responses to a New Agricultural Paradigm .. 87 6. System dynamics model and scenario definition ............................................................................... 92 6.1. Scenario description and methodology ..................................................................................... 95 6.2. T21-iSDG model: representation of the system .............................................................................. 99 6.2. Key indicators: measurement of the impact ........................................................................... 103 7. Results of scenario simulation: Impact on four types of capital ........................................................... 105 8. Conclusions and limitations .................................................................................................................. 111 9: Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 122 References ................................................................................................................................................ 129 Annex 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 144 Annex 2. .................................................................................................................................................... 146 4 Acronyms and abbreviations AE Agroecology ANB Autorité Nationale de Biosécurité ANCAR Agence Nationale de Conseil Agricole et Rural ANSD Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie, République du Sénégal ANSTS Académie Nationale des Sciences et Techniques du Sénégal ARAA Agence Régionale pour l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation ARM Agence de Régulation des Marchés ARN Association des Riziers du Nord AquaStat FAO’s Information System on Water and Agriculture ASCOSEN Association des Consommateurs du Sénégal ASPRODEB Association Sénégalaise pour la Promotion du Developpement par la Base AWD Alternate Wetting and Drying BAU “Business As Usual” BNDE Banque Nationale pour le Développement Economique BRVM Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières CADl Centre d'appui au Développement Local CCGA Changing Course in Global Agriculture CEDEAO Communauté Economique des Etats de l'Afrique de