Studies in European Language Diversity 31 NORTH SÁMI IN NORWAY ELDIA Case-Specific Report By Marko MARJOMAA With contributions by Minna Pelkonen, Anneli Sarhimaa & Eva Kühhirt, Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark, Reetta Toivanen Mainz Wien Helsinki Tartu Mariehamn Oulu Maribor Studies in European Language Diversity is a peer-reviewed online publication series of the research project ELDIA, serving as an outlet for preliminary research findings, individual case studies, background and spin-off research. Editor-in-Chief Johanna Laakso (Wien) Editorial BoarD Kari Djerf (Helsinki), Riho Grünthal (Helsinki), Anna Kolláth (Maribor), Helle Metslang (Tartu), Karl Pajusalu (Tartu), Anneli Sarhimaa (Mainz), Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark (Mariehamn), Helena Sulkala (Oulu), Reetta Toivanen (Helsinki) Publisher Research consortium ELDIA c/o Prof. Dr. Anneli Sarhimaa Northern European and Baltic Languages and Cultures (SNEB) Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Jakob-Welder-Weg 18 (Philosophicum) D-55099 Mainz, Germany Contact: [email protected] © 2014 European Language Diversity for All (ELDIA) Cover design: Minna Pelkonen & Hajnalka Berényi-Kiss ELDIA is an international research project funded by the European Commission. The views expressed in the Studies in European Language Diversity are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. All contents of the Studies in European Language Diversity are subject to the Austrian copyright law. The contents may be used exclusively for private, non- commercial purposes. Regarding any further uses of the Studies in European Language Diversity, please contact the publisher. ISSN 2192-2403 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... II Foreword ........................................................................................................................................... VI List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ VIII List of Tables and Figures .................................................................................................................. IX List of place names in North Sámi and Norwegian ............................................................................ XI 1 Introduction: What ELDIA is about ............................................................................................. 12 2 Sociohistory ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Sociohistorical and Linguistic Contexts ................................................................................ 19 2.2.1 The context of the investigated language community ................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Territorial and political context ................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.3 Cultural context .............................................................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Demographic context ........................................................................................................... 28 2.3.1 Statistics and basic demographic information ............................................................................................ 28 2.3.1.1 Relevant Sources of Information on North Sámi Speakers ..................................................................................... 28 2.3.1.2 The geographical areas of existing information ..................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1.3 Demographic development .................................................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1.4 Language and ethnicity in statistics ........................................................................................................................ 32 2.3.1.5 Number of North Sámi speakers and information on language skills .................................................................... 33 2.3.2 Assessment of the criteria that form the basis of existing information ......................................................... 36 2.3.1.6 Age structure of the North Sámi area ..................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.1.7 Gender .................................................................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.1.8 Birth rate ................................................................................................................................................................. 39 2.3.1.9 Mixed marriages ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.1.10 Administrative units and the North Sámi ............................................................................................................. 40 2.3.3 Basic shortcomings of existing demographic data .......................................................................................... 42 2.4 Language and minority policies in practice .......................................................................... 43 2.4.1 General context of language-political practices .......................................................................................... 43 2.4.1.1 Attitudes of the minority and majority towards each other .................................................................................. 43 2.4.1.2 Attitudes towards the language ............................................................................................................................. 44 2.4.1.3 Level of education among the Sámi ........................................................................................................................ 44 2.4.2 Standardisation of the minority language .................................................................................................. 44 2.4.3 Language use in different domains ............................................................................................................. 45 2.4.3.1 Newspapers ............................................................................................................................................................ 45 2.4.3.2 Television and radio ................................................................................................................................................ 45 2.4.3.3 Periodicals ............................................................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.3.4 Literature and media for children and youth ......................................................................................................... 47 2.4.3.5 Films ........................................................................................................................................................................ 47 2.4.3.6 Theatre ................................................................................................................................................................... 48 2.4.3.7 Popular music ......................................................................................................................................................... 48 2.4.3.8 Internet ................................................................................................................................................................... 49 2.4.3.9 Pre-school ............................................................................................................................................................... 50 2.4.3.10 School ................................................................................................................................................................... 50 2.4.3.11 Higher education .................................................................................................................................................. 52 2.4.3.12 Administration ...................................................................................................................................................... 52 2.4.3.13 Religion ................................................................................................................................................................. 52 2.4.3.14 Intra-group communication .................................................................................................................................. 53 2.4.3.15 Communication between ethnic groups .............................................................................................................. 53 2.4.4 Identity-connected language-political behaviour ..................................................................................... 53 2.4.5 Gender aspects of everyday