24 April 2009 20-2349 SHollis 20080424 LR Castlemaine Perkins Pty Ltd GPO Box 44 BRISBANE QLD 4001 Attention: Mr Steve Hollis Dear Steve Castlemaine Perkins Brewery, Milton Spill Lighting Measurements 1 Introduction Heggies Pty Ltd (Heggies) was engaged by Castlemaine Perkins Pty Ltd to conduct measurements of light emissions from the Milton brewery (brewery) external to the site. The Development Approval for the site does not include conditions for light emissions. Therefore, measurements of light emissions as a result of existing brewery operations have been conducted to serve as a benchmark for future reference at potentially light-sensitive developments established near the brewery. The Milton Brewery is a continuous 24/7 operation, and as such requires external lighting for functionality, worker safety and security. One (1) neon light advertising the Milton Brewery’s main product brand, “XXXX”, is located atop one of the buildings on the Milton Road frontage, and additional lighting of the building facade is provided for aesthetic purposes. The “XXXX” sign is generally regarded as an icon in Queensland and Brisbane. Photographs of the “XXXX” sign and other relevant features of the Milton Road frontage of the brewery are shown in Figure 1. HEGGIES PTY LTD ABN 29 001 584 612 Ground Floor, Suite 7, 240 Waterworks Road Ashgrove QLD 4060 Australia PO Box 844 Ashgrove QLD 4060 Australia Telephone 61 7 3858 4800 Facsimile 61 7 3858 4801 Email [email protected] Website www.heggies.com Figure 1 Signage and Milton Road Frontage of the Milton Brewery 2 Illuminance and Light Pollution Light is a type of radiation and forms part of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the eye. It is measured in lumens (lm). The amount of light falling on a surface is known as the illuminance and is measured in lumens per square metre or lux. This is easy to calculate and measure and is therefore widely used. The illuminance of direct sunlight is approximately 100,000 lux, but normal daylight, which is filtered through a cloudy sky, is between 5,000 and 10,000 lux, while moonlight is as little as 0.01 lux. Some typical illuminance values are given in Table 3. Heggies Pty Ltd Castlemaine Perkins Brewery, Milton Spill Lighting Measurements Castlemaine Perkins Pty Ltd (20-2349 SHollis 20080424 LR) Page 2 Table 7 Typical Illuminance Levels for Various Scenarios Lighting Scenario Horizontal Illuminance (lux) Moonless overcast night 0.0001 Quarter Moon 0.01 Full Moon 0.1 Twilight 10 Indoor office 300 Overcast day 1000 Indirect sunlight clear day 10000-20000 Direct sunlight 100000-130000 Human vision is a complex process. The eye does not see the light arriving at an object, but rather the light radiating or reflecting from its surface. This is known as luminance, or brightness. It is directional and is measured in candelas per square metre (cd/m2). The other term commonly used by lighting engineers is luminous intensity. This refers to the strength of light in a given direction and is measured in candelas (cd). However, in reality, a source's luminous intensity is seen by the eye relative to the brightness of its surroundings, and this is not easy to measure. Glare is the uncomfortable brightness of a light source when viewed against a darker background. A light source's luminous intensity in candelas (cd) gives an indication of levels of glare. However, because this is difficult to measure, the threshold increment, that is the percentage increase in luminance is sometimes used as a surrogate measure. Light trespass is the spill of light beyond the boundary of the property on which a light is located. Again, it can be estimated from the luminous intensity in candelas (cd) of the light source, but a more accurate guide is illuminance in the vertical plane in lux, measured at the boundaries or windows of properties. Light pollution is a very general term which refers to the effect of over-lighting resulting from poorly designed lighting schemes and excessive levels of light. It is commonly subdivided into sky glow, glare and light trespass, each of which has a different meaning technically, and is measured in different ways. Sky glow is the glow (often a coloured glow, depending on the light source) caused by a scattering of artificial light by dust particles and water droplets in the sky. It is closely related to the upward light waste ratio (ULWR) of lighting installations in the vicinity. 3 Recommended Limits for Light Parameters Australian Standard 4282-1997 Control of the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting (AS 4282) provides recommended limits for light parameters to avoid adverse impacts for the majority of the population. Relevant parameters and respective recommended limits are provided in Table 1. It should be noted that while Milton Road and the Milton train station are well-lit, the area does not meet the requirements for “light surrounds”. Therefore the values for “dark surrounds” are applicable to the residential land uses to the north and west of the brewery. Heggies Pty Ltd Castlemaine Perkins Brewery, Milton Spill Lighting Measurements Castlemaine Perkins Pty Ltd (20-2349 SHollis 20080424 LR) Page 3 Table 1 Recommended Maximum Values of Light Technical Parameters for the Control of Obtrusive Light from AS 4282. Light Technical Application or Calculation In commercial areas Residential areas Parameter Conditions or at Boundary of Light Dark Commercial and Surrounds2 Surrounds3 Residential Areas1 Pre curfew: Limits apply at relevant boundaries of nearby residential properties, in a vertical plane parallel to the relevant boundary, 25 lx 10 lx 10 lx to a height commensurate with the height of the potentially affected dwellings. Values given are for the direct component of illuminance. Curfewed hours: Limits apply in the plane of the Illuminance in windows of habitable rooms of Vertical Plane (Ev) dwellings on nearby residential properties. In the absence of development (i.e. vacant allotment), the limits apply on the potentially affected property, in a 4 lx 2 lx 1 lx vertical plane parallel to the relevant boundary, at the minimum setback permitted for a dwelling, to a height commensurate with the land use zoning provisions. Values given are for the direct component of illuminance. Notes: 1 Applies to residential accommodation in commercial areas or at the boundary between commercial and residential areas. The term ‘commercial’ is used as a generic description for zoning which provides for urban uses other than residential. 2 Where the affected property abuts roads that are lit to Category V5 or higher in accordance with AS/NZS 1158.1.1. 3 Where the affected property abuts roads that are lit to Category B1 or lower in accordance with AS 1158.1, or where there is no lighting. 4 Attended Illuminance Measurements Attended illuminance measurements were made at 17 locations described in Table 2 and indicated in Figure 2. The measurements were conducted during the evening of Sunday 22 February 2009. This date was chosen due to minimal light from the moon, and minimal general work disturbance. It should be noted that measurements of light from the brewery have been conducted previously from one of the residential flats at the adjacent property (Theological College) on approximately the 14th March 2007. The light measured was < 0.01 lux, due to the considerable shading afforded by the trees on the property. Heggies Pty Ltd Castlemaine Perkins Brewery, Milton Spill Lighting Measurements Castlemaine Perkins Pty Ltd (20-2349 SHollis 20080424 LR) Page 4 Table 2 Light Measurement Locations Location Number Location Description 1 Opposite brewery driveway 2 237 Gregory House driveway 3 Opposite brewery grain truck exit 4 Opposite "Castlemaine Perkins Brewery" sign on brewery 5 Opposite brewery gate 6 Opposite brewery gate 7 Opposite plant room gate (western edge) where bus stop railing opens 8 Paten Street, opposite engine room 9 Northern edge of Officeworks car park 10 Opposite brewery car park gate 11 On corner of Paten and Black Streets 12 On corner of Black and Finchley Streets 13 Opposite packaging building (near parking meter) 14 Opposite car park driveway 15 Opposite brewery driveway 16 Adjacent property, near hydrant 17 Adjacent property, near grain truck entry gate Figure 2 Light Measurement Locations Heggies Pty Ltd Castlemaine Perkins Brewery, Milton Spill Lighting Measurements Castlemaine Perkins Pty Ltd (20-2349 SHollis 20080424 LR) Page 5 Two orthogonal components of illuminance lux were measured at each of the measurement locations including one horizontal bearing toward the Milton Brewery site and one vertically upward. In addition to this, a measurement of light from the “XXXX” sign was conducted at a distance of 17 m. Measurements were taken using a Topcon IM-5 Digital Illuminance meter over the instrument lower limit range of 0.01 to 20 lux. The meter measures illuminance over a full incident hemisphere with angular error ranging between +/- 1% at normal incident angles, +/- 5% at 50º incident angle up to +/-10% at 80º incident angle. Also recorded were cloud cover, moon position and size and any surrounding artificial light sources noted. Additional notes pertaining to the measurements were also recorded. Two (2) sets of measurements were conducted at each location. One set of measurements was conducted with as many as possible external lights at the brewery switched on, and the other with the lights switched off. A small number of lights could not be operated. 4.1 Illuminance Measurement Results The results of the measurements are provided in Table 3. Table 3 Measured Illuminance at Locations around the Milton Brewery Illuminance Measured in Plane (Lux) Lights On Lights Off Location Number Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical 1 93.6 25.5 3.7 1.37 2 21.1 11.3 2.2 0.78 3 8.9 8.2 0.4 0.63 4 21.6 12.9 1.37 1.34 5 15 8.1 1.3 0.6 6 14.5 13.3 0.82 0.82 7 18.6 8.6 1.59 0.803 8 3.9 5.6 0.359 0.517 9 15 4.1 0.49 0.361 10 26 1.3 27.9 0.68 11 4.6 5.3 5.47 4.7 12 11.6 9.9 12.95 8.73 13 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.07 14 0.18 1.06 0.26 0.04 15 1.06 1.69 1.27 1.76 16 47.8 30.7 1.61 0.053 17 41 30.5 0.08 0.18 The differences in the measured illuminance levels in each plane at each location are shown in Table 4.