‘Princess Hedvig Sofia’ and the Great Northern War ‘Princess Hedvig Sofia’ and the Great Northern War e d i t e d b y r a l f b leile and Joachim Krüger St i f t u n g S c h l e Sw i g - h o l St e i n i S c h e l a n d e S m u S e e n S c h lo ss g ot to r f S a n d St e i n V e r l a g Contents 8 alFreDo pérez De armiñán 90 melanie GreinerT 206 Jakob Seerup V. Foreword Hedvig Sofia, princess of Sweden, The material culture of Danish naval ships The Great Northern War – Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp of the 18th century memorial culture 9 ClauS von Carnap-bornHeim Foreword 101 inGa lena ÅnGSTröm GranDien 214 Dan H. anDerSen 332 JoHanna WaSSHolm nicodemus Tessin the Younger’s plans for a castrum p eter Wessel Tordenskiold The Great northern War in Finnish memory culture 10 Tiina merTanen doloris and a sarcophagus for Hedvig Sofia a naval hero from the Great northern War Foreword 339 miCHael breGnSbo 106 anJa Silke WieSinGer 224 THomaS eiSenTrauT Two naval heroes with admirable qualities 12 l ra F bleile anD JoaCHim krüGer Duke Frederick iv of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp The life of simple sailors after 1700 The Great northern War in memorial culture e ditors’ foreword and the rebuilding of the south wing of Gottorf in Denmark Castle 236 THomaS eiSenTrauT architecture as a demonstration of princely rule The diary of nils Trosner, 1710–1714 350 Tilman plaTH lost victory? 120 T u a kuHl I. The Great northern War in the memorial culture War and games Baltic in change around 1700 of russia Fine arts as a medium of politics IV. 16 JenS e. oleSen Underwater cultural heritage 358 inGer SCHuberTH 132 konraD küSTer The struggle for dominium maris baltici king Charles Xii in altranstädt 1706–1707 Funeral music at Gottorf around 1700 between Denmark-norway and 250 THiJS J. maarlevelD The strange ways of memory Sweden (1563–1720/21) underwater cultural heritage and international 140 u kn D J. v. JeSperSen efforts to protect it, notably through UNESCo 369 Haik THomaS poraDa king Frederick iv of Denmark-norway 30 JoaCHim krüGer ‘undefeated under the Three Crowns’ absolutist king in an age of transition The baltic Sea region by 1700 258 JenS auer anD marTin SeGSCHneiDer Stralsund and Griebenow as examples of places The time of the Great northern War The wreck of the Prinsessan Hedvig Sofia and of remembrance for the Great northern War 150 Sverker oreDSSon the aftermath of the battle of Femern in pomerania Charles Xii – king of Sweden 271 JoaCHim krüGer anD kai SCHaake 383 karl-Heinz STeinbruCH 159 Jan kuSber II. Wrecks of the Great northern War near the The Great northern War in mecklenburg peter i, the Great northern War and St petersburg Absolutism in the Baltic region – island of rügen 394 n ar D reiTemeier sovereignty and representation 168 GerD STeinWaSCHer 282 JenS auer The Duchy of bremen-verden The connection between russia and Holstein- The wreck of the small Danish frigate Mynden acquisition by the electorate of Hanover and 44 miCHael norTH Gottorp in the 18th century a story of encounters today’s remembering of the ‘Swedish period’ absolutism and baroque culture in 1700 Cultural exchange and the visual arts 180 THomaS STamm-kuHlmann 292 pekka Toivanen prussia, neutrality, and the acquisition of Stettin The burial grounds of the russian galley fleet 50 r la S oloF larSSon in the Gulf of bothnia (Finland) from 1714 art and royal representation in Denmark and Sweden circa 1700 Appendix 302 THomaS berGSTranD anD III. STaFFan von arbin 400 66 oliver auGe bibliography Shipping and naval warfare r emnants of the Great northern War The Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 409 list of authors in marstrand, Sweden between Denmark, Sweden and russia in the Baltic region 410 illustration credits Dynastic relations 412 index of names 188 r ma Tin krieGer 310 FroDe kvalø The life, loss and resurgence 78 Jan DreeS e uropean maritime trading th th of the frigate Lossen (1684–1717) Hedvig eleonora regina Sueciae (HerS) during the 17 and 18 centuries From Schleswig to Stockholm 198 r la S eriCSon Wolke 320 mikkel H. THomSen The Swedish navy in 1700 The battle of ebeltoft Vig 1659 History and archaeology 6 7 Baltic in change around 1700 I. Baltic in change around 1700 14 Baltic in change around 1700 15 The struggle for Heading for conflict 1563–1629 At the beginning of the early modern period around 1500 the Baltic Sea region was somehow dominium maris baltici still isolated from the rest of Europe. The Hanse controlled the trade between the Baltic area and western Europe. The Teutonic Order isolated the Baltic region towards the east, and the between Denmark-Norway Hanse towns effectively dominated the trade routes to Scandinavia from the south and from the west. During the 15th and 16th centuries this situation changed, because both medieval powers were weakened and lost their dominant positions. Also the Scandinavian Kalmar Union as a and Sweden (1563–1720/21) medieval construction was dissolved. There followed an expanding economic competition in the Baltic between the Hanseatic and the Dutch traders. The Hanse towns had to accept the Danish king’s control over the Sound, the key position to the Baltic. Due to Lübeck’s unsuccess- ful intervention in the so-called Count’s War (1534–1536), the city lost almost all of its political and economic influence in the Baltic and its position as a Nordic power too. The breakdown of the Teutonic Order during the following decades created a vacuum in the eastern part of the Baltic, which had to be filled. This created much political instability and formed one of the backgrounds for the Northern Seven Years’ War (1563–1570). The disappearance and destruction of the medieval powers in the Baltic Sea region must be seen in comparison with the European development. The whole European system changed in these years. The old medieval belief in a united, universal Christianity under the guidance of JenS e. oleSen From the middle of the 16th century until the end of the Great Northern War in 1720/21 Denmark- the Pope and the Emperor was dissolved. All over, feudal institutions started to waver and Norway and Sweden were fighting each other in order to hold supremacy of the Baltic Sea modern principalities took over power. The new structure in the Baltic Sea region created new and its coastlands. The concept dominium maris baltici characterises these enduring conflicts in conditions for the Scandinavian realms, which both from being isolated changed into premodern Scandinavian early modern history with several wars and controversies between the two king- European national states. The competition between Denmark-Norway and Sweden to gain doms. Behind the concept lies the perception of a combined rule over the Baltic territorial waters, supremacy of the Baltic was for long to dominate the foreign policy of both countries. including the trade routes to and from the Baltic Sea, and at the same time to gain control over The struggle concerning the Livonian heritage gave both Scandinavian realms reasons to the coastal areas. Control over the coastal areas, attainable by dissemination along the coasts in try their strength against each other. As Tsar Ivan IV Grosny by the conquest of Narva in 1558 order to reach an encirclement of the Baltic Sea or to create a bridgehead for an attack on the had gained access to the Baltic Sea for the first time and further planned to conquer Livonia, opposite coast, constitutes an important condition for the dominium maris baltici. The struggle Sweden could not just take a passive role. Sweden was further frightened by the possibility of a was, however, not only about how to gain the upper hand at sea, but the possession of a naval wider encirclement by the Danes, since the city council of Reval offered allegiance and loyalty fleet also played an important role for the honour of the two Crowns and for other purposes. to the Danish King Christian III. The Swedish King Gustav Vasa was worried by the presence The opposite coasts were targets for operations, for instance by blockading or by the rescuing of Danish troops in Reval, and he feared that Denmark would profit from the Russian trade too. of harbour cities, by escorting and by supporting the war on the land. Denmark did not, however, accept the offer proposed by Reval and this for a while prevented The Sound and the Danish straits (the Belts) had played an important role since the Middle a further escalation of the conflict between the two Nordic states. Ages. The Sound, the connection between the North Sea and the Baltic, constituted the most During the time of the successors Frederick II of Denmark-Norway and Erik XIV of Sweden important gateway to the Baltic Sea. The Danish waterways were since the medieval period the foreign policies of the two realms were sharpened. The young and active Frederick II of among the busiest waterways in Europe and became the focal point of the whole Baltic traffic. Denmark-Norway questioned the legitimacy of the Vasa dynasty and planned the revival of the The Sound held a key position of importance for the entire Baltic Sea. The right to travel free Kalmar Union. King Erik XIV on his side planned to break the Danish encirclement of Sweden, und undisturbed on the Baltic waters became more and more a fighting object for the powers but the Danish acquirement of the island of Ösel (Estonian Saarema) during 1558–1559 threat- situated around the Baltic Sea.