Diversity in African languages Selected papers from the 46th Annual Conference on African Linguistics Edited by Doris L. Payne Sara Pacchiarotti Mokaya Bosire language Contemporary African Linguistics 1 science press Contemporary African Linguistics Editors: Lee Bickmore, Akinbiyi Akinlabi In this series: 1. Payne, Doris L., Sara Pacchiarotti & Mokaya Bosire. Diversity in African languages: Selected papers from the 46th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Diversity in African languages Selected papers from the 46th Annual Conference on African Linguistics Edited by Doris L. Payne Sara Pacchiarotti Mokaya Bosire language science press Doris L. Payne, Sara Pacchiarotti & Mokaya Bosire (eds.). 2016. Diversity in African languages: Selected papers from the 46th Annual Conference on African Linguistics (Contemporary African Linguistics 1). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/121 © 2016, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-946234-70-8 (Digital) 978-3-946234-71-5 (Hardcover) 978-1-542598-22-4 (Softcover) DOI:10.17169/langsci.b121.280 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Emily Clem, Felix Kopecky, Sebastian Nordhoff, Doris Payne, Hannah Sande Illustration: Sebastian Nordhoff Proofreading: Ahmet Bilal Özdemir, Andreas Hölzl, Anne Kilgus, Evans Gesure, Ezekiel Bolaji, Felix Kopecky, George Walkden, Hannah Gibson, Ignatius Usar, Ikmi Nur Oktavianti, Jean Nitzke, Michael Marlo, Rosey Billington, Stathis Selimis, Steve Pepper, Teresa Proto, Valeria Quochi, Varun de Castro Arrazola Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Preface vii I (Possible) Niger-Congo I-A — Mande 3 1 Tone features revisited: Evidence from Seenku Laura McPherson 5 I-B — Gur 23 2 Intonation and emotions in Kɔnni: A preliminary study Michael Cahill 25 3 The coding of identifiability in Mooré Amos Teo 41 4 The syntactic status of objects in Mooré ditransitive constructions Sara Pacchiarotti 61 5 All-in-one and one-for-all: Thetic structures in Buli grammar and discourse Anne Schwarz 81 I-C — Kwa 101 6 Beyond resumptives and expletives in Akan Sampson Korsah 103 7 Valency changing processes in Akan E. Kweku Osam 117 I-D — Edoid 139 8 Degema clitics and serial verb constructions at the syntax/phonology interface Nicholas Rolle & Ethelbert E. Kari 141 Contents I-E — Bantu 163 9 Coronal palatalization in Logoori Eleanor Glewwe & Ann M. Aly 165 10 Remote past and phonological processes in Kaonde Boniface Kawasha 183 11 The future in Logoori oral texts Hannah Sarvasy 201 12 Quantification in Logoori Meredith Landman 219 13 The syntactic structure of negation in Ndebele Ross Burkholder 235 14 The productivity of the reversive extension in Standard Swahili Deo Ngonyani & Nancy Jumwa Ngowa 255 15 The anticausative alternation in Luragooli John Gluckman & Margit Bowler 271 16 The locative applicative and the semantics of verb class in Kinyarwanda Kyle Jerro 289 17 The Ndebele applicative construction Galen Sibanda 309 18 Differential object marking in Mozambican languages Armindo Saúl Atelela Ngunga, Fábio Bonfim Duarte & Quesler Fagundes Camargos 333 19 The interaction of two focus marking strategies in Luganda Jenneke van der Wal & Saudah Namyalo 355 20 Variation in the expression of information structure in eastern Bantu languages Steve Nicolle 377 II (Possible) Nilo-Saharan 21 Number marking in Lopit, an Eastern Nilotic language Jonathan Moodie 397 iv Contents 22 Daatsʼíin, a newly identified undocumented language of western Ethiopia: A preliminary examination Colleen Ahland 417 III Afro-Asiatic 23 Somali gender polarity revisited Morgan Nilsson 451 24 The development of finite verbs from nominalized structures in Northern Mao Michael Ahland 467 IV Cross-family studies 25 Niger-Congo transitive reciprocal constructions and polysemy with reflexives Ken Safir & Naga Selvanathan 495 26 STAMP morphs in the Macro-Sudan Belt Gregory D. S. Anderson 513 27 Igbo-English intrasentential codeswitching and the Matrix Language Frame model Kelechukwu Ihemere 539 28 Humor in Kenyan comedy Martha Michieka & Leonard Muaka 559 Index 577 v Preface The 28 papers in this volume were presented at the 46th Annual Conference onAfrican Linguistics, held at the University of Oregon, March 26-28, 2015. The conference featured nearly 120 papers, addressing phonetics, phonology, morphosyntax, semantics, informa- tion structure, sociolinguistics, and historical linguistics, as well as a workshop on Luhya languages of East Africa. The selected papers in this volume represent the broad rangeof topics and language families that characterized the conference, as well as the maturation of research in African linguistics. The volume editors thank those whose generous support made the conference and this volume possible: the Association of Contemporary African Linguistics (ACAL); and the University of Oregon Linguistics Department, GLOSS (University of Oregon Gradu- ate Linguistics Students organization), College of Arts and Sciences, Division of Equity and Inclusion, Global Oregon, Office of International Affairs, African Studies Program, American English Institute, Yamada Language Center, and Ford Alumni Center. We are grateful to many graduate and undergraduate students, administrative staff, and friends who supported the 46th ACAL conference, notably Ariel Andersen, Linda Campbell, Thiago Castro, Richard Griscom, Manuel Otero, Sanna Parikka, Hugh Paterson, Rebecca Paterson, Jaime Peña, Matthew Stave, and Amos Teo. Special thanks go to the many reviewers who helped us select and improve the papers in this volume: Enoch Aboh, Colleen Ahland, Michael Ahland, George Akanlig-Pare, Sean Allison, Greg Anderson, Peter Avery, Lee Bickmore, Rosey Billington, Fabio Bon- fim Duarte, Leston Buell, Mike Cahill, Robert Carlson, Rod Casali, Tucker Childs, Thera Crane, Nick Danis, Michael Diercks, Gerritt Dimmendaal, Laura Downing, Helen Eaton, Ines Fiedler, Volker Gast, Eitan Grossman, Abbie Hangtan, Martin Haspelmath, Larry Hyman, Kyle Jerro, Jason Kandybowicz, Boniface Kawasha, Mena Lafkioui, Marten Lutz, Michael Marlo, Laura McPherson, Jonathan Moodie, Irina Monich, Edith Moravcsik, Leonard Muaka, Carol Myers-Scotton, Deo Ngonyani, Steve Nicolle, Emmanuel Nikiema, Morgan Nilsson, Derek Nurse, David Odden, Knut Olawski, Paul Olejarczuk, E. Kweku Osam, Thomas Payne, Mary Pearce, Eric Pederson, David Peterson, Kent Rasmussen, Nicholas Rolle, Sharon Rose, Phil Rudd, Josephat Rugemalira, Ken Safir, Ron Schaefer, Anne Schwarz, Frank Seidel, Shahar Shirtz, Irina Shport, Galen Sibanda, Sylvester R. Simango, Keith Snider, Tim Stirtz, Anne Storch, Amos Teo, Harold Torrence, Mark van de Velde, Jenneke van der Wal, Valentin Vydrin, Aggrey Wasike, and Malte Zimmerman. We are also grateful for the support and advice of the Contemporary African Linguistics series editors Lee Bickmore and Akinbiyi Akinlabi, the expertise of Hannah Sande and Emily Clem, and the patient, meticulous, and high-quality technical work of Sebastian Nordhoff and colleagues from Language Science Press. Part I (Possible) Niger-Congo Subpart I-A Mande Chapter 1 Tone features revisited: Evidence from Seenku Laura McPherson Dartmouth College Recently, authors such as Hyman (2010) and Clements, Michaud & Patin (2010) have argued that African tone is better modeled with tonal primitives (e.g. H, M, L) than with tonalfea- tures. This paper reopens the question with novel data from Seenku, a four-tone Mande language of Burkina Faso (X, L, H, S). I argue that the features [upper, raised] provide a unified analysis of several tonal phenomena, including plural formation, tonal neutral- izations, and verbal alternations. First, I argue that plural formation is a case of featural affixation, with a plural suffix [+raised] deriving [-upper,+raised] L from singular X,while underlying [+upper,-raised] H shifts to S. In terms of tonotactics, the two middle tones are treated differently in nouns: [+upper,-raised] is not allowed word-finally and is alwaysfol- lowed by X, while derived [-upper,+raised] is allowed. Further evidence for tone features is found in the verbal domain. First, the distinction between S and H in verbs is often neutral- ized, to S for transitive verbs and H for intransitive verbs. I analyze these neutralizations as default [+raised] assignment to underlying [+upper] verbs in the transitive and [-raised] assignment in the intransitive. In the perfective, S-toned transitive verbs are realized as H while X-toned verbs remain unchanged. A featural account derives this result with the af- fixation of perfective [-raised]. Finally, complicated argument-head tonal alternations may be more naturally explained under a featural approach. In sum, this paper presents a case where tonal features show an analytic advantage over tonal primitives, suggesting that the debate is not yet over. 1 Introduction Segments are widely accepted in phonology to consist of phonological features. These features encode parameters such as place ([labial],