Dedicated to what works in global health GLOBAL HEALTH: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE Volume 1 Number 1 2013 www.ghspjournal.org EDITOR-IN-CHIEF James D Shelton, MD, MPH Science Advisor Office of Population and Reproductive Health Bureau for Global Health U.S. Agency for International Development 1300 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20523 USA ASSOCIATE EDITORS Sarah Harbison, PhD, MA Victor Barbiero, PhD, MHS Bruce Cogill, PhD, MS Associate Editor Associate Editor Associate Editor for Nutrition Senior Advisor for Research and Evaluation Adjunct Professor Programme Leader Office of Population and Reproductive Health Department of Global Health Nutrition and Marketing of Diversity Bureau for Global Health School of Public Health and Health Sciences Bioversity International U.S. Agency for International Development George Washington University Via dei Tre Denari 472/a 1300 Pennsylvania Ave, NW 2175 K Street, NW, 5th Floor 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Washington, DC 20523 USA Washington, DC 20037 USA Rome, Italy EDITORIAL BOARD Al Bartlett, Save the Children, USA Vinand Nantulya, Uganda AIDS Commission, Uganda Zulfiqar Bhutta, Aga Khan University, Pakistan Phillip Nieburg, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Kathryn Church, London School of Hygiene and Tropical USA Medicine, United Kingdom Emmanuel (Dipo) Otolorin, Jhpiego, Nigeria France Donnay, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USA James Phillips, Columbia University, USA Scott Dowell, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA Yogesh Rajkotia, Institute for Collaborative Development, USA Marelize Görgens, World Bank, USA Suneeta Singh, Amaltas, India Stephen Hodgins, Save the Children, USA John Stanback, FHI 360, USA Lennie Kamwendo, White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood, Lesley Stone, U.S. Agency for International Development, USA Malawi Douglas Storey, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Jemilah Mahmood, Malaysian Medical Relief Society, Malaysia Health Center for Communication Programs, USA MANAGING EDITORS Natalie Culbertson Ruwaida M Salem, MPH Managing Editor Associate Managing Editor Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs, USA Center for Communication Programs, USA Global Health: Science and Practice (ISSN: 2169-575X) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at www.ghspjournal.org. It is published quarterly (March, June, September, December) by the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21204 USA. Global Health: Science and Practice is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. For further information, please contact the editors at [email protected]. Table of Contents March 2013 | Volume 1 | Issue 1 Editorials Open-source collaboration for Global Health: Science and Practice USAID and the Schools of Public Health at JHU and GWU welcome you to the inaugural issue of GHSP—an open-access, peer- reviewed journal for the global health community, particularly program implementers, to contribute to and benefit from a dialogue based on science and practical programmatic experience. Ariel Pablos-Me´ndez, Michael Klag, Lynn Goldman Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):1-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00012 A journal for global health programming GHSP aims to improve how programs function at scale, targeting implementers who actually support and carry out programs across all of global health. Thus, we emphasize specific implementation details, using a crisp, accessible, interactive style. James D Shelton, Ronald J Waldman Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):3-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00001 Commentaries Chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care: game-changer for newborn survival? A simple technology with potential to prevent 500,000 global neonatal deaths annually. Steve Hodgins, YV Pradhan, Leela Khanal, Shyam Upreti, Naresh Pratap KC Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):5-10 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00014 Contraceptive implants: providing better choice to meet growing family planning demand Contraceptive implants are extremely effective, long acting, and suitable for nearly all women—to delay, space, or limit pregnancies—and they are increasingly popular. Now, markedly reduced prices and innovative service delivery models using dedicated non-physician service providers offer a historic opportunity to help satisfy women’s growing need for family planning. Roy Jacobstein, Harriet Stanley Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):11-17 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00003 Global Health: Science and Practice 2013 | Volume 1 | Number 1 1 Table of Contents www.ghspjournal.org GeneXpert for TB diagnosis: planned and purposeful implementation Xpert MTB/RIF is a major advance for TB diagnostics, especially for multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB and HIV-associated TB. But implementation concerns including cost, technical support requirements, and challenging demands of providing second-line TB drugs for diagnosed MDR-TB cases call for gradual, careful introduction based on country circumstances. Amy S Piatek, Maarten van Cleeff, Heather Alexander, William L Coggin, Manuela Rehr, Sanne van Kampen, Thomas M Shinnick, YaDiul Mukadi Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):18-23 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00004 Global health diplomacy: advancing foreign policy and global health interests Attention to global health diplomacy has been rising but the future holds challenges, including a difficult budgetary environment. Going forward, both global health and foreign policy practitioners would benefit from working more closely together to achieve greater mutual understanding and to advance respective mutual goals. Josh Michaud, Jennifer Kates Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):24-28 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00048 Can we stop AIDS with antiretroviral-based treatment as prevention? Challenges to scaling up treatment as prevention (TasP) of HIV transmission are considerable in the developing-world context and include accessing at-risk populations, human resource shortages, adherence and retention in care, access to newer treatments, measurement of treatment effects, and long-term sustainable funding. Optimism about ending AIDS needs to be tempered by the realities of the logistic challenges of strengthening health systems in countries most affected and by balancing TasP with overall combination prevention approaches. Edward J Mills, Jean B Nachega, Nathan Ford Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):29-34 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00053 Original Articles Reducing child global undernutrition at scale in Sofala Province, Mozambique, using Care Group Volunteers to communicate health messages to mothers Care Group peer-to-peer behavior change communication improved child undernutrition at scale in rural Mozambique and has the potential to substantially reduce under-5 mortality in priority countries at very low cost. Thomas P Davis, Jr, Carolyn Wetzel, Emma Hernandez Avilan, Cecilia de Mendoza Lopes, Rachel P Chase, Peter J Winch, Henry B Perry Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):35-51 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00045 Global Health: Science and Practice 2013 | Volume 1 | Number 1 2 Table of Contents www.ghspjournal.org Effectiveness of a community-based positive prevention intervention for people living with HIV who are not receiving antiretroviral treatment: a prospective cohort study In Mombasa, Kenya, a community-based HIV risk-reduction intervention effectively reached people living with HIV who were not receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART)—a difficult-to-reach population because they often fall outside the ambit of health care services—and succeeded in reducing reported risky sex behavior and increasing ART uptake. Avina Sarna, Stanley Luchters, Eustasius Musenge, Jerry Okal, Matthew Chersich, Waimar Tun, Sabine Mall, Nzioki Kingola, Sam Kalibala Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):52-67 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00023 Successful polio eradication in Uttar Pradesh, India: the pivotal contribution of the Social Mobilization Network, an NGO/UNICEF collaboration Innovative approaches to eradicate polio in hard-to-reach areas included: (1) cadres of trusted community mobilizers who track children’s immunization status, (2) responsiveness to people’s concerns about immunization, (3) outreach to religious and other local leaders, (4) focus on both individual- and community-level behavioral approaches, and (5) continuous data collection and use. Ellen A Coates, Silvio Waisbord, Jitendra Awale, Roma Solomon, Rina Dey Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):68-83 http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00018 Meeting the community halfway to reduce maternal deaths? Evidence from a community- based maternal death review in Uttar Pradesh, India Even in the face of vigorous commitment to improving maternal health services in India, inadequate staffing, supplies, and equipment at health facilities, as well as transportation costs and delays in referral, appear to contribute to a substantial proportion of maternal deaths in a representative district in Uttar Pradesh. Sunil Saksena Raj, Deborah Maine, Pratap Kumar Sahoo, Suneedh Manthri, Kavita Chauhan Glob Health Sci Pract 2013;1(1):84-96