Index abbreviation(s) see reduction perfective/imperfective 232–241, 244–245, accentual phrase 42–46, 53, 382 298, 425, 446, 450 accusative case marker see ul/lul progressive 232, 237–243, 293, 298, 321, 325, 467 address term(s) see referential form(s) resultative 232, 293, 298, 324–325, 446, 454, 467 adverb(s), adverbial(s) 67–69, 72, 88, aspirated (consonant(s)) 7, 9–13, 17–18, 44–45, 105–108, 124, 145–146, 149, 170, 212, 376–378, 383, 431, 432, 443, 460, 469 214, 219, 222–226, 255, 295, 322, assessment 396 345–348, 352, 471 assimilation 22, 27, 258–260, 265, in Late Middle Korean 443, 445, 447 auxiliary verb(s) 252, 310, 349 of manner 348 ci- (passive/inchoative) 120–124, 233 in Pre-Modern Korean 453, 455 in Early Middle Korean 441 yekan (‘commonly’) 222–223 grammaticalization of 320–322, 327–328 affectedness condition 90, 94 in Late Middle Korean 450 affective (meaning, stance) 47–48, 305, 328, in Old Korean 425, 435 329, 406 in Pre-Modern Korean 455 affricate(s) 6, 7, 9, 11–13, 17–18, 32, 51, 376, 431–432 bare root(s) (in Old Korean) 434–435 agentivity of experiencer 162–164, 175 benefactive (construction(s)) 91, 327 Altaic (language(s)) 434 binding theory 137–138, 142–143, 151, 216 amplitude 41 boundary tone(s) 46–53, 256, 307, 332–333, analogy 70, 325, 329, 432, 434 382–384 anaphora 137–152, 165–166, see also zero bracketing paradox 71 anaphora long-distance 140,COPYRIGHTED 142, 147, 149, 150, 152 c-command MATERIAL 141–144, 149–150, 222–223, 226 an(i) (negative) 212–217, 226 caki (reflexive) 137–152, 165–166, 308, 447 animacy 126–129, 138, 197–199, 201, 204–205 L2 acquisition of 360–362 anterior (aspect) 235–236, 244–245 cakicasin (reflexive) 137, 138, 151–152 apology/ies 314, 393, 397, 400 -canha 275, 277, 332–333 aspect 112, 232–245, 287, 288, 293, 298–300, case particle ellipsis 34, 181, 196–208, 342 326–327, 351, 467, see also tense and information structure 199–203 anterior 235–236, 244–245 and markedness 198–199 inchoative 122, 124, 172, 174, 232, 233 and probability and frequency 203–208 The Handbook of Korean Linguistics, First Edition. Edited by Lucien Brown and Jaehoon Yeon. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 0002264114.indd 509 1/16/2015 12:38:36 PM 510 Index casin (reflexive) 137–138, 146–151 consonant cluster(s) causative(s) 98–113, 122, 448 in Late Middle Korean 444 control and affectedness in 110–111, 217 in Old Korean 431–432 direct and indirect 103–104, 105–108 simplification of 28–32 in Late Middle Korean 445, 448 contaymal (honorific language) 304–308, lexical 99, 100, 104, 112 312–313 see also honorific(s) in Pre-Modern Korean 454–456 contiguity 131 morphological 99, 100–102, 104, 105–110, 112 contrast 187–193, 204–205 passive correlations 129–132 contrastive analysis hypothesis 374 syntactic 99, 101, 102–103, 104, 105–108 conversation analysis (CA) 271–279 causative alternation(s) 171–175 data and transcription in 273–274 certainty 47–48, 238, 249, 252, 255–258 historical foundations of 272 Chinese in L2 research 278–279; 398–399 acquisition of 342 copula 67, 212–213, 216, 222–224, 263, 288, and comparison with Korean grammar 143 293, 298–299 and comparison with Korean sounds 41, 383 in Early Middle Korean 443 and Early Middle Korean 440 in Late Middle Korean 448, 450, 455 and Late Middle Korean 443, 447 in Old Korean 425, 427 loanwords 484 corpus (linguistics) 34–35, 49, 113, 146, and Old Korean 422–432, 435 150–151, 203, 314, 321, 325–326, 329, and Pre-Modern Korean 451 332–333, 390, 394, 472 -speaking learners of Korean 362, 375–376, 384 deferential speech style see –(su)pnita Chinese character(s) 12, 422–426, definiteness 179, 197–201, 204–205 440–443, 461, 478–485, 494–499, 500 deixis 346, 352, 498 North Korean policy on 484–485 deletion South Korean policy on 480–481 of /h/ 28 Chongryon (Pro-North Koreans in of /j/ 26 Japan) 466–468 of /w/ 26 Chosŏn‐jok (Koreans in China) 459, derivation 26, 36, 61–67, 71, 117, 214 465–466 in Late Middle Korean 443, 445 Christianity 494–495 in Pre-Modern Korean 453, 455 -ci (speaker commitment) 255–257, 277, diachronic syntax 323–327 348, 396 dialect(s) ci- (passive/inchoative) see –e ci– international dialects 463–469 classifier (construction(s)) 356, 436 in China 459, 465–466, 470 classroom discourse 394, 395–396 in Japan 459, 466–468 coda 9, 22–23, 25, 28–29, 379–382, 441, 464 Koryo-mar 459, 464–465 neutralization 32–37 in North America 468–469, 470 compensatory timing effect 49–51, 53 peninsular dialects 461–463 compliment respons(es) 315, 399–400 Chungcheong 461–463 compound(ing) 22, 36, 62–63, 65–66, 68–69, Gangwon 461–463 71–72, 120–123, 158, 161, 233, 377–378, Gyeongsang 24, 31, 36, 58, 266, 429, 433, 426, 434–435, 443, 446, 452 444, 461–463, 466, 470 consonant(s) 6–7, 22–36, 44–45, 51–52, Hamgyong 429, 433, 444, 461–463, 464, 69, 215, 262, 379–381, 496, 502 466 in dialects and other varieties 460, 463, Jeju 38, 460, 461–463, 466 467, 469 Jeolla 38, 266, 461–463 in Early Middle Korean 441 Pyongan 452, 461, 463, 466 frequency of 15–17 dictionary/ies 3, 15–18, 431, 479 in Late Middle Korean 443–444, 448 in North Korea 461, 486–487 in Old Korean 429–431, 434, 435 in South Korea 461, 482 phonetic characteristics of 9–15 digital communication 63, 69–70, 73, 310–311, in Pre-Modern Korean 452–455, 400, 470, 472–473, 500–504 0002264114.indd 510 1/16/2015 12:38:37 PM Index 511 diphthong(s) 4, 6, 15, 17–18, 23–28, 379–380, event structure 157–167, 174–175 430, 466 evidentials, evidentiality 249, 252–255, 260, in Late Middle Korean 444 275, 348–352, 468 in Pre-Modern Korean 453 ey, eyse (locative)) 158, 221, 325, 446 diphthongization (of front rounded ‐eya toy (obligation) 252 vowels) 23–24 -eyo (polite style) 236, 241, 244, 305–307, 349, discourse 81, 142–143, 146, 151, 179–182, 186, 396, 412–413, 449, 468, 471 200, 203–208, 236–237, 244, 264–265, 272, 310, 339–341, 343, 350–352, 355, f0 11–14, 18, 41, 44–47, 470 394–398, 410–411, 447, 472, 480, first language acquisition 339–354 493–494, 499, 504 of expression of motion events 344–348 and grammaticalization 320–324, 328–331 of modal suffixes 348–351 structure 47, 287–300 of sentence structure 340–343 hierarchical organization 288–294 focus 46, 52, 81–86, 89, 141, 145–146, 149, 158, prominence 294–299 172–175, 179–193, 197, 199–203, typology 288 205–206, 208, 220–221, 265, 341, 447 and syntax in L2 acquisition 364–366 formal(ity) discourse completion task(s) (DCT) 314, speech style(s) 250, 263, 265, 305–306, 390–392, 395 309, 456 discourse marker(s) 274–275 register(s) 23, 46, 58, 199, 396, 413, 470, 472 double accusative construction(s) 79, 87–94 fricative(s) 7, 13–14, 44, 52, 432, 441, 443, 463 double nominative construction(s) 79–87, 162–163 in L2 acquisition 378 duration 10–14, 41, 43, 49–53 durative(s) 232, 233, 241–244, see also geminate(s), gemination 15, 22–24 progressive in L2 acquisition 377–382 gender difference(s), gender(ed) -e (verb ending) 233, 299, 305–308, 348, language 315, 470–471, 473, 495, 500 349–350, 396, 429 generative (grammar/morphology/ -e ci- (passive, inchoative) 120–124, 233, 245, semantics) 23, 61, 98, 105, 146 293, 325–326, 467 genitive(s) 144, 329, -e iss- (resultative) 233, 241–244, 293, in Late Middle Korean 442, 446–447, 449–450 -e peli- (completitive) 233, 245, 327 in Old Korean 434–435 English in Pre-Modern Korean 454 acquisition of 340–352, 355, 357–358, 374–376 glide(s) see diphthongs and comparison with Korean grammar 99, glide formation 27–28 103, 110, 120, 122, 137–141, 145, 151, government-binding theory see binding theory 158–175, 184, 220, 224–225, 228, 235, grammaticalization 198, 204, 235, 236, 240, 237, 243, 255–256, 355, 360, 362, 427 244, 320–336, 443, 446, 455, 456 and comparison with Korean pragmatics 272, and prosody 332–333 277, 278, 293–296, 299–300, 304, 307–309, 313, 315, 320, 326, 494 Hangul 5, 25–26, 322, 376, 426–427, 429, 433, and comparison with Korean sounds 22, 42, 435, 442–444, 451, 463, 478, 502 46, 50, 378, 469 ideologies of 495–498, 500, 504 loanwords 34–35, 70, 457, 468, 482, 484, in L2 acquisition 380–382 486, 488, 502 in North Korea 487–488 in South Korea 459, 481, 489, 498–500, 504 orthographic reforms 479 -speaking learners of Korean 15, 356–367, Hanja see Chinese characters 377–378, 381, 383–384, 392–393, 405, heritage language (learners/learning) 303, 408, 412–413 308, 384, 405–415, 465, 468–469 -ese (‘since’) 275, 325 ability and knowledge in 406 -ess- (past tense) 233–236, 240–241, 244–245, and ethnic identity 406–407 262, 288, 293, 300, 324, 325, 446 ideologies of 407–414 ethnic identity 406–410, 415, 499 morphosyntactic competence in 406 ‐eto toy (permission) 252, 350 teaching of 414–415 0002264114.indd 511 1/16/2015 12:38:37 PM 512 Index honorific(s) 303–316, 348, 393–396, 472, grammar 63, 100, 101, 117, 120, 139, 147, 493–495, 502–503 149, 196, 197, 199, 207, 467 agreement 86–87 pragmatics 303, 304, 313, 316, 327–328, in Early Middle Korean 442 397, 470, 493, 495 grammaticalization of 322–330 script 496 hearer see speech styles sounds 27, 41, 42, 46, 379 in Korean as a heritage language 410–414, kunten glossing practice 426 469 and the link with koguryŏ language 422 in Late Middle Korean 445–449 loanwords 481, 484, 486, 498 in Pre-Modern Korean 454–456 -speaking learners of Korean 375–376, referent 309, see also subject honorifics 378–379, 384 subject 86–87, 213, 309–312, see also –si– Japanese colonial period 457, 459, 465, 466, hwun readings 423–425, 428 478–479, 481, 499 Hyangchal (writing system) 424, 428–429, 433, Javanese 303, 493 434, 440, 442 K-ToBI 43 i/ka (nominative) 79, 180–194,