515us3$90Z 08-18-98 09:06:44 PAGES OPINPGT OCTOBER TERM, 1994 753 Syllabus CAPITOL SQUARE REVIEW AND ADVISORY BOARD et al. v. PINETTE et al. certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the sixth circuit No. 94±780. Argued April 26, 1995ÐDecided June 29, 1995 Ohio law makes Capitol Square, the statehouse plaza in Columbus, a forum for discussion of public questions and for public activities, and gives petitioner Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board (Board) responsi- bility for regulating access to the square. To use the square, a group must simply ®ll out an of®cial application form and meet several speech- neutral criteria. After the Board denied, on Establishment Clause grounds, the application of respondent Ku Klux Klan to place an unat- tended cross on the square during the 1993 Christmas season, the Klan ®led this suit. The District Court entered an injunction requiring issu- ance of the requested permit, and the Board permitted the Klan to erect its cross. The Sixth Circuit af®rmed the judgment, adding to a con¯ict among the Courts of Appeals as to whether a private, unattended dis- play of a religious symbol in a public forum violates the Establishment Clause. Held: The judgment is af®rmed. 30 F. 3d 675, af®rmed. Justice Scalia delivered the opinion of the Court with respect to Parts I, II, and III, concluding that: 1. Because the courts below addressed only the Establishment Clause issue and that is the sole question upon which certiorari was granted, this Court will not consider respondents' contention that the State's disapproval of the Klan's political views, rather than its desire to dis- tance itself from sectarian religion, was the genuine reason for disallow- ing the cross display. Pp. 759±760. 2. The display was private religious speech that is as fully protected under the Free Speech Clause as secular private expression. See, e. g., Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist., 508 U. S. 384. Because Capitol Square is a traditional public forum, the Board may regulate the content of the Klan's expression there only if such a restriction is necessary, and narrowly drawn, to serve a compelling state interest. Perry Ed. Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn., 460 U. S. 37, 45. Pp. 760±761. 3. Compliance with the Establishment Clause may be a state interest suf®ciently compelling to justify content-based restrictions on speech, 515us3$90Z 08-18-98 09:06:44 PAGES OPINPGT 754 CAPITOL SQUARE REVIEW AND ADVISORY BD. v. PINETTE Syllabus see, e. g., Lamb's Chapel, 508 U. S., at 394±395, but the conclusion that that interest is not implicated in this case is strongly suggested by the presence here of the factors the Court considered determinative in strik- ing down state restrictions on religious content in Lamb's Chapel, id., at 395, and Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U. S. 263, 274. As in those cases, the State did not sponsor respondents' expression, the expression was made on government property that had been opened to the public for speech, and permission was requested through the same application process and on the same terms required of other private groups. Pp. 761±763. Justice Scalia, joined by The Chief Justice, Justice Kennedy, and Justice Thomas, concluded in Part IV that petitioners' attempt to distinguish this case from Lamb's Chapel and Widmar is unavailing. Petitioners' argument that, because the forum's proximity to the seat of government may cause the misperception that the cross bears the State's approval, their content-based restriction is constitutional under the so-called ªendorsement testº of, e. g., County of Allegheny v. Ameri- can Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U. S. 573, and Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U. S. 668, is rejected. Their version of the test, which would attribute private religious expression to a neutrally behaving government, has no antecedent in this Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence, which has consistently upheld neutral govern- ment policies that happen to bene®t religion. Where the Court has tested for endorsement, the subject of the test was either expression by the government itself, Lynch, supra, or else government action alleged to discriminate in favor of private religious expression or activity, see, e. g., Allegheny, supra. The difference between forbidden government speech endorsing religion and protected private speech that does so is what distinguishes Allegheny and Lynch from Widmar and Lamb's Chapel. The distinction does not disappear when the private speech is conducted close to the symbols of government. Given a traditional or designated public forum, publicly announced and open to all on equal terms, as well as purely private sponsorship of religious expression, erroneous conclusions of state endorsement do not count. See Lamb's Chapel, supra, at 395, and Widmar, supra, at 274. Nothing prevents Ohio from requiring all private displays in the square to be identi®ed as such, but it may not, on the claim of misperception of of®cial endorse- ment, ban all private religious speech from the square, or discriminate against it by requiring religious speech alone to disclaim public sponsor- ship. Pp. 763±769. Justice O’Connor, joined by Justice Souter and Justice Breyer, concluded that the State has not presented a compelling justi®cation for denying respondents' permit. Pp. 772±783. 515us3$90Z 08-18-98 09:06:44 PAGES OPINPGT Cite as: 515 U. S. 753 (1995) 755 Syllabus (a) The endorsement test supplies an appropriate standard for deter- mining whether governmental practices relating to speech on religious topics violate the Establishment Clause, even where a neutral state policy toward private religious speech in a public forum is at issue. Cf., e. g., Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist., 508 U. S. 384, 395. There is no necessity to carve out, as does the plurality opinion, an exception to the test for the public forum context. Pp. 773±778. (b) On the facts of this case, the reasonable observer would not fairly interpret the State's tolerance of the Klan's religious display as an en- dorsement of religion. See, e. g., Lamb's Chapel, supra, at 395. In this context, the ªreasonable observerº is the personi®cation of a community ideal of reasonable behavior, determined by the collective social judg- ment, whose knowledge is not limited to information gleaned from view- ing the challenged display, but extends to the general history of the place in which the display appears. In this case, therefore, such an observer may properly be held, not simply to knowledge that the cross is purely a religious symbol, that Capitol Square is owned by the State, and that the seat of state government is nearby, but also to an aware- ness that the square is a public space in which a multiplicity of secu- lar and religious groups engage in expressive conduct, as well as to an ability to read and understand the disclaimer that the Klan offered to include in its display. Pp. 778±782. Justice Souter, joined by Justice O’Connor and Justice Breyer, concluded that, given the available alternatives, the Board cannot claim that its denial of the Klan's application was a narrowly tailored response necessary to ensure that the State did not appear to take a position on questions of religious belief. Pp. 783±794. (a) The plurality's per se rule would be an exception to the endorse- ment test, not previously recognized and out of square with this Court's precedents. As the plurality admits, there are some circumstances in which an intelligent observer would reasonably perceive private reli- gious expression in a public forum to imply the government's endorse- ment of religion. Such perceptions should be attributed to the reason- able observer of Establishment Clause analysis under the Court's decisions, see, e. g., County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U. S. 573, 630, 635±636 (O’Con- nor, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment), which have looked to the speci®c circumstances of the private religious speech and the public forum to determine whether there is any realistic danger that such an observer would think that the government was endorsing religion, see, e. g., Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U. S. 668, 692, 694 (O’Connor, 515us3$90Z 08-18-98 09:06:45 PAGES OPINPGT 756 CAPITOL SQUARE REVIEW AND ADVISORY BD. v. PINETTE Syllabus J., concurring). The plurality's per se rule would, in all but a handful of cases, make the endorsement test meaningless. Pp. 785±792. (b) Notwithstanding that there was nothing else on the statehouse lawn suggesting a forum open to any and all private, unattended reli- gious displays, a ¯at denial of the Klan's application was not the Board's only option to protect against an appearance of endorsement. Either of two possibilities would have been better suited to the requirement that the Board ®nd its most ªnarrowly drawnº alternative. Perry Ed. Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn., 460 U. S. 37, 45. First, the Board could have required a disclaimer suf®ciently large and clear to preclude any reasonable inference that the cross demonstrated govern- mental endorsement. In the alternative, the Board could have insti- tuted a policy of restricting all private, unattended displays to one area of the square, with a permanent sign marking the area as a forum for private speech carrying no state endorsement. Pp. 792±794. Scalia, J., announced the judgment of the Court and delivered the opin- ion of the Court with respect to Parts I, II, and III, in which Rehnquist, C.