Geography Review Everything you need to know to help you through SS this year. 5 Themes of Geography How geographers think about the world. If you get confused, you can always ask MR. HELP!! o M – Movement o R – Region o HE – Human-Environment Interaction o L – Location o P – Place Movement – How people, goods, information, and ideas travel from place to place. o Cars, Trucks, Planes, Boats, Trains o Snail Mail, Newspapers, Internet, E-Mail, Word-of-Mouth Region – An area that is defined by certain similar characteristics. o These characteristics can be physical, natural, human, or cultural. Gobi Desert, Appalachian Mountains, Amazon Rainforest . Downtown Lincolnton, Times Square, Chinatown . Southern, Northern, Midwestern, Pacific Regions of the USA. Human-Environment Interaction – The relationships between people and their environment; how people adapt to the environment and how they change it. o Three Main Questions . How do people depend on the environment? . How do people adapt to the environment? . How do people modify the environment? Location – Where in the World????? o 2 Types . Relative Location – Using physical features and landmarks to give the GENERAL location Next door, in the field, down the road, beside West Express . Absolute Location – The SPECIFIC location using latitude and longitude or addresses. 35.48˚N, 81.38˚E (WLMS) 260 Shoal Road; Lincolnton NC, 28092 (WLMS) Place – An area that is defined by everything in it. o All places have features that give them personality and distinguish them from other places. If you refer to WLMS as a place, then that place would include walls, windows, gym, cafeteria, classrooms, people, clothing, books, maps, mops, brooms, hallways, and everything else in the school. Reading a Timeline What is a timeline? o A timeline is a line that displays events in chronological order. The older events are on the left with the more recent dates on the right. o Dates on a timeline . Traditional Dating BC – Before Christ AD – Anno Domini (In the Year of our Lord) . New Dating BCE – Before the Common Era CE – Common Era . BC = BCE & AD = CE . Dates are designated as BC or BCE count DOWN on the timeline towards the birth of Jesus. Dates designated as AD or CE count UP as you move towards the modern day. Timeline Trivia o There is no Year 0. Year 1 BC is immediately followed by Year 1 AD. o AD does not mean “After Death”!!! It just can’t…it doesn’t work…Follow me… . If BC means “Before Christ” and AD were to mean “After Death” then there would be no dating system for the 33 years that Jesus lived on Earth. How many years between these dates? o Here are a few “tricks” to figure this out… . If you are trying to figure out how many years there are between an AD (CE) and a BC (BCE) date, you simply add the two dates together. Example – 450 BC to 2012 AD Add 450 to 2012 since it takes 450 years to get from 450 BC to the beginning of AD and 2012 years to get from the end of BC to 2012. 450 + 2012 = 2462 years . If you are trying to figure out two dates from the SAME era (BC to BC –or– AD to AD) you simply subtract the smaller number from the larger number. Example – 2000 BC to 450 BC 2000 – 450 = 1550 Years Map Skills Types of Maps o Political Map – Shows countries, capitals, and major cities o Physical Map – Shows features like mountains, rivers, lakes, plains, etc. o Population Map – Indicates how many people live in an area. o Topographic Map – Has contour lines to show elevation o Natural Resources Map – Shows minerals, oil, forests, and numerous other natural resources o Weather Map – Shows storm fronts, precipitation, and other weather features. o Road Map – Shows major highways, interstates, roads, and cities. Parts of a Map o Compass Rose – Indicates direction o Map Legend (Map Key) – Explains symbols and shading on a map. o Scale – Tells how many miles or kilometers a specific distance on the map represents. Latitude and Longitude o Imaginary lines on a globe that create coordinates on a map to give absolute location. Latitude o Runs E to W; Measures N to S o Measures from 0˚ to 90˚ N or 90˚ S o Creates a complete circle around the world o Equator: 0˚, Cuts the world into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres o Arctic Circle: 66.5˚ N o Tropic of Cancer: 23.5˚ N o Tropic of Capricorn: 23.5˚ S o Antarctic Circle: 66.5˚ S Longitude o Runs N to S; Measures E to W o Measures from 0˚ to 180˚ o Called “meridians” o DO NOT create complete lines around the globe, but stop and meet their opposite meridian at the poles. o 0˚ meets 180˚ at the N and S poles o Prime Meridian: 0˚, runs through Greenwich, England. o Used as the “beginning point” for longitude lines. This line, along with the 180th Meridian (aka: The Anti-Meridian) separates the earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres o International Date Line: This line roughly follows the 180th Meridian, but does wiggle off of it as countries have decided what day they want to be on. Countries rarely change what side they are on. Samoa: 1. Repeated July 4, 1892. 2. Skipped December 30, 2011. Using Latitude and Longitude o Always listed as ____˚N/S, ____˚E/W . 50˚N, 5˚W . 30˚N, 81˚W Knowing the Map Continent vs. Country o Continent – One of the seven large landmasses that covers the earth’s surface . North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia (Oceania), Antarctica o Country – Smaller subdivisions INSIDE of continents . USA, China, Germany, Egypt, Russia, Brazil, etc. o Oceans – Five large bodies of water that separate the continents . Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern .