TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... i Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ iv Thesis ....................................................................................................................................................... iv Chapter One: The Covenant of Works ................................................................................................. 1 Defining Covenants ............................................................................................................................... 1 Two Kinds of Covenants ...................................................................................................................... 2 Different Names for the Covenant of Works ................................................................................. 3 The Covenant of Works in the Bible ................................................................................................. 4 The Old Testament ............................................................................................................................ 4 The Covenant of Works in Genesis 1-3 ........................................................................................ 5 The Sabbath Day ................................................................................................................................ 8 The Tree of Life ................................................................................................................................... 9 The Image of God ............................................................................................................................... 9 The Probation of the Covenant .................................................................................................... 11 The Covenant of Works Outside Genesis 1-3 .......................................................................... 12 John Calvin (1509-1564) ..................................................................................................................... 13 Robert Rollock (1555-1599) .............................................................................................................. 17 Zacharias Ursinus (1534-1583) ........................................................................................................ 19 The New Testament ............................................................................................................................ 19 The “Moral Law” and the Hearts of Man ....................................................................................... 23 The Moral Law ................................................................................................................................... 23 Written on the Heart ........................................................................................................................ 25 When the Covenant of Works was Enacted ................................................................................. 26 Some Concluding Thoughts .............................................................................................................. 30 No Mediation ...................................................................................................................................... 30 A Gift of Voluntary Condescension ............................................................................................. 30 Meritorious ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter Two: The Covenant of Grace ............................................................................................... 32 Christ’s Mediation ................................................................................................................................ 32 Mediation ............................................................................................................................................ 32 Prophet, Priest and King ................................................................................................................ 36 The Second / Last Adam .................................................................................................................... 37 i Christ Fulfills the Law (Galatians 4:4; Romans 5:12-21) ........................................................ 42 Active Obedience ............................................................................................................................. 44 Passive Obedience ........................................................................................................................... 47 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 49 The Condition of the Covenant of Grace ....................................................................................... 50 There is One Covenant of Grace ...................................................................................................... 51 The Testimony of Our Tradition ................................................................................................... 52 John Calvin (1509-1564) ............................................................................................................. 52 Zacharias Ursinus (1534-1583) ................................................................................................. 53 Robert Rollock (1555-1599) ....................................................................................................... 54 William Perkins (1558-1602) ...................................................................................................... 55 James Ussher (1581-1656) ........................................................................................................ 55 The Westminster Assembly of Divines (1643-1649) .......................................................... 56 Francis Turretin (1623-1687) ..................................................................................................... 57 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 58 Chapter Three: The Mosaic Covenant and Republication ........................................................... 59 Setting the Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 59 The Twofold Distinction of the Law (Broad and Narrow) ......................................................... 62 John Calvin (1509-1564) ................................................................................................................. 62 Robert Rollock (1555-1599) ........................................................................................................... 63 Francis Turretin (1623-1687) ........................................................................................................ 64 Charles Hodge (1797-1878) .......................................................................................................... 64 The Confession’s Broad Use of “Law” ........................................................................................... 65 The Law and the Covenant of Works Renewed In Israel .......................................................... 66 Robert Rollock (1555-1599) ........................................................................................................... 66 William Perkins (1558–1602) ......................................................................................................... 68 Francis Turretin (1623-1687) ........................................................................................................ 70 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 72 Trajectories within the Reformed Tradition ................................................................................. 73 J. Gresham Machen (1881-1937) ................................................................................................. 73 National Covenant of Works (Typological Republication) .................................................... 75 Herman Witsius (1636-1708) ..................................................................................................... 75 Robert Shaw (1776-1853) .......................................................................................................... 75 Charles Hodge (1797-1878) ....................................................................................................... 76 James Buchanan (1804-1870) ...................................................................................................... 77 Geerhardus Vos (1862-1949) ........................................................................................................ 78 ii Louis Berkhof (1873–1957) ........................................................................................................... 79 Summary ............................................................................................................................................