Economic Analysis and Information Modeling of Smart Multi-purpose Utility Tunnels Ali Alaghbandrad A Thesis In the Department Of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Building Engineering) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada September 2020 © Ali Alaghbandrad, 2020 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Ali Alaghbandrad Entitled: Economic Analysis and Information Modeling of Smart Multi-purpose Utility Tunnels and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Building Engineering) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. Ahmed Kishk External Examiner Dr. Islam Shahrour External to Program Dr. Javad Dargahi Examiner Dr. Osama Moselhi Examiner Dr. Sang Hyeok Han Thesis Supervisor Dr. Amin Hammad Approved by Dr. Michelle Nokken, Graduate Program Director 10/12/2020 Date of Defense Dr. Mourad Debbabi, Dean, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science ABSTRACT Economic Analysis and Information Modeling of Smart Multi-purpose Utility Tunnels Ali Alaghbandrad, PhD Concordia University, 2020 The traditional method of buried utilities (i.e. water, sewer and gas pipes, and electrical and telecommunication cables) has been used for many decades particularly in urban areas. Repeated excavations are needed to access these underground utilities for maintenance, repair, and renewal activities. Urban areas have been experiencing many street closures and traffic disruptions because of excavation for maintaining underground utilities. These construction works have imposed major costs on public and private utility companies as well as on citizens and local businesses (social cost). Multi-purpose Utility Tunnels (MUTs) have been built since the 19th century as a solution and alternative way that not only avoids these excavations but also facilitates inspection and protects utilities. However, MUTs are not widely used in most of the countries because of the high initial investment, safety and security issues, complicated design and construction, and complex coordination of utility companies. Despite the higher design and construction cost of MUTs, operational cost-savings can justify the investment from the project point of view. From the organization's point of view and based on cost-sharing, MUT should be more economical as well and the MUT benefits should be distributed fairly to convince utility companies to participate in the MUT project. Lifecycle Cost (LCC) analysis of the MUT and the buried utilities method is complicated because of various factors that influence the LCC. Also, there is a gap in defining the concept of fairness and applying mathematical methods for a fair cost-sharing. On the other hand, to facilitate the complicated design and construction, and complex coordination of utility companies in MUT projects, Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools are very helpful. However, BIM is mainly developed for buildings and there are efforts to extend it to civil structures (e.g. bridges, tunnels). Although using BIM for MUTs has progressed in recent years, there is still lack of a comprehensive framework covering MUT components and information requirements for all use cases, as well as its integration with Geographic Information System (GIS) and other technologies. This research aims to: (1) improve the decision-making related to MUT selection process by developing a comprehensive and systematic approach for MUT and buried utilities LCC analysis. iii In addition, this research investigates the influence of factors of utility specifications, location conditions, and construction methods. The output of this model determines the LCC of MUT and buried utilities, and the design and construction cost of MUT at the breakeven point to ensure the project decision-makers that MUT is the economic method; (2) improve the fairness of MUT cost- sharing by developing a fair model that considers fairness based on (a) balance of risk, (b) balance of benefit and cost, and (c) balance of contributed benefit and gained benefit. This model makes MUT the economical method for utility companies and distributes the benefits and costs of MUT fairly among the utility companies; and (3) improve the coordination among the MUT stakeholders by developing a framework integrating BIM and 3D GIS for Smart Multi-purpose Utility Tunnel Information Modeling (SMUTIM). The framework defines MUT information requirements, identifies SMUTIM use cases, and extends Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) to MUT. The contributions of this research are: (1) developing a comprehensive and systematic approach for MUT and buried utilities LCC analysis by considering the factors of utility specifications, location conditions, and construction/maintenance methods. The output of this model estimates the LCC of MUT and buried utilities. The proposed model can justify whether an MUT project is an economic alternative method for buried utilities; (2) developing an MUT cost-sharing method to ensure the decision-makers of utility companies that MUT is the economic method for their company and also the benefits and costs of MUT are distributed fairly among the utility companies. The fairness is defined based on three principals: balance of risk, balanced benefit-cost ratio, and balance in contributed benefit and gained benefit; (3) categorizing and integrating smart MUT physical and functional components and their relationships in a systematic way; (4) completing, integrating, and organizing the available knowledge about SMUTIM use cases within a framework. Then, using the case study to show the capabilities and gaps of current BIM applications, GIS, databases, and facility management tools for MUT lifecycle management; and (5) partially extending IFC to MUT by proposing Model View Definition (MVD), new entities and relationships, and taking advantage of reusable IFC entities, properties, and relationships. It is expected that the proposed model promotes using MUT by (1) facilitating economic analysis and cost-sharing for MUT projects from project and organization points of view; and (2) facilitating the design, construction, and operation of MUTs, and the coordination of utility companies. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful for the kind help and support of my supervisor, Dr. Amin Hammad. I would like to thank Mr. Michel Saindon and Ms. Salamatou Modieli from Centre d'expertise et de recherche en infrastructures urbaines (CERIU), Mr. Serge Boileau from Commission des Services Electriques De Montreal (CSEM), and Mr. Martin Gaudette and Mr. Jean-Pierre Bossé from the City of Montreal, for providing information related to the case study through meetings and sharing documents. I would, also, like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Isam Shahrour, Dr. Javad Dargahi, Dr. Osama Moselhi, and Dr. Sang Hyeok Han for their valuable inputs and precious time. This research has been funded by MITACS project number IT12092 and Concordia University Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science. These supports are greatly appreciated. I also appreciate Mrs. Yisha Luo for providing information in some parts of the literature review about MUT in East Asia and Mr. Tersoo K. Genger for providing Figure 2-12 about the location of MUTs built at different time periods in the world and his contribution in parts of Section 2.3 about the review of MUT projects around the world. v Dedicated to my wife and my parents for their endless love and spiritual support and encouragement. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement and Research Gaps ............................................................................ 2 1.3 Research Objectives ......................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Thesis Organization.......................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Multi-purpose Utility Tunnel (MUT) ............................................................................... 6 2.1.1 MUT Classification ................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 MUT Construction Methods ..................................................................................... 8 2.1.3 MUT Benefits ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1.4