ISBN: 978-92-807-3224-5 Job No: DTI/1465/NA BUILDING THE CLIMATE CHANGE REGIME SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES APPENDIX III KEY HIGHLIGHTS FROM PROPOSALS AND BACKGROUND READING WORKING PAPER BUILDING THE CLIMATE CHANGE REGIME: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES 1 Authors: Remi Moncel, Paul Joffe, Kevin McCall and Kelly Levin, World Resources Institute Contributors: Lavanya Rajamani, Center for Policy Research, Jacob Werksman, World Resources Institute, Kaveh Zahedi and Arkadiy Levintanus, United Nations Environment Programme Contact: [email protected]; to access the full paper, visit: http://www.wri.org/publication/building-the-climate-change-regime Please note that the summaries herein are not intended to reflect the entirety of the content in each of the proposals examined, but to highlight the particular aspects that relate to the key issues reviewed in the paper. KEY ISSUE 1: Options Under the UNFCCC to Increase Ambition Beyond Existing Commitments and Actions Andersen, S. and Sarma, K. 2010. This paper discusses reforms to the Clean Development Mechanism and “Making Climate Change and Ozone Treaties complementary actions under the Montreal Protocol to contend with HFC-23 Work Together to Curb HFC-23 and Other “Super emissions to enable all countries to cooperate for the protection of the climate Greenhouse Gases.” and the ozone layer. Natural Resources Defense Council Australia. 2009 The government of Australia submitted a draft protocol to the UNFCCC for “Submission by Government of Australia to the COP-15. The protocol envisions commitments and actions by all countries, in UNFCCC”, 2009, line with common but differentiated responsibilities where a spectrum of effort available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/ is undertaken based on national circumstances. To achieve the overall objective cop15/eng/05.pdf. of the Convention, Parties would maintain national schedules to register Last accessed October 3, 2011. nationally appropriate commitments or actions. These schedules could be amended over time to register additional commitments or actions which would enhance the global mitigation outcome. Bell, R. and Ziegler, M. forthcoming. The authors highlight the lessons that can be learned from international Reimagining a climate agreement: lessons security and economic regimes that may apply to international climate policy. from managing other challenges that transcend While modesty and sensitivity are required in transplanting these lessons, national boundaries, they can nonetheless serve to incentivize progress in international climate World Resources Institute, Washington DC. governance. Lessons include the incremental approach that can allow a Forthcoming. regime to emerge as trust develops between Parties: this is important for transparency and verification. They cite the transformative power of reviews, expert exchanges, consultative processes, and non-adversarial discussion to encourage Parties to undertake deeper engagement. Bice, K. et al. 2009. The authors examine the contribution of black carbon to global warming as Black Carbon: A Review and Policy well as its negative impacts on human health. They discuss the sources of Recommendations. black carbon, noting that while it has a warming impact it is coemitted with Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs, Princeton organic carbon, which has a cooling effect. Thus, the ratio of organic carbon University to black carbon makes a critical difference in the net warming impact. They also note the significant warming effect of black carbon when it is present in Arctic or Himalayan regions and its contribution to glacial melt. They identify strategies to reduce black carbon emissions, citing, for example, the benefits of transnational cooperation to tackle black carbon emissions, implementing fuel standards and domestic heating standards, among others. Bodansky, D. 2007. Bodansky notes that international sectoral agreements could contribute to International Sectoral Agreements in a Post-2012 a post-2012 effort as one element of a broader framework. They appear Climate Framework. best suited to advancing agreement and action by helping to defuse Working Paper, Pew Center on Global Climate competitiveness concerns and treating critical technology and finance issues Change, 2007. within a sector where they are most urgent. He concludes by noting that in sectors where industry is well organized at the international level (cement, aluminum) companies facing competitive imbalances may have an incentive to initiate a sectoral approach. Failing this it may fall to governments to take the initiative if sectoral agreements are to emerge. Bond, T. et al. 2005. The authors analyze governance strategies for short term forcings and find “Can Reducing Black Carbon Emissions Counteract that joint consideration along with carbon dioxide regulation is consistent Global Warming?” with the language of the UNFCCC. They note the difficulty in terms of cost Environmental Science and Technology, July 2005. and complexity for addressing such forcings, particularly in Annex I countries where only marginal additional abatement is possible. In non-Annex I countries, however, reducing particulate matter (e.g., black carbon) is economically feasible and can be undertaken in parallel with UNFCCC efforts. 4 BUILDING THE CLIMATE CHANGE REGIME: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES KEY ISSUE 1: Options Under the UNFCCC to Increase Ambition Beyond Existing Commitments and Actions Cosbey, A. et al. 2005. The paper sets out to assess the extent to which the CDM is fully exploiting Realizing the Development Dividend. its potential to deliver benefits to developing countries, beyond those strictly International Institute for Sustainable Development. related to climate change, in the areas of economic growth through investment, technological evolution, poverty alleviation, as well as environmental and human health improvements. The flows are not substantial compared to overseas development assistance, but nonetheless there are a number of reasons to consider the CDM an important engine of sustainable development. This paper recommends a number of policy options to enhance benefits, including reforming the CDM project cycle, changing the rules of the CDM, engaging development assistance, and defining sustainable development. Daviet, F, et al. 2009. The paper sets out the need to establish a range of accounting and Forests in the Balance Sheet: Lessons from methodological tools to ensure the effectiveness of REDD programs as Developed Country Land Use Change and Forestry agreed upon in the Bali road map. The authors look at lessons from the Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting experience of Annex I countries in accounting for forest-related emissions and Practices.Working Paper, sequestration under their emission reduction commitments with regards to their World Resources Institute. Washington DC. implementation of LULUCF provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. den Elzen, M., Olivier, J., and Berk, M. 2007. This paper provides an overview of various approaches for including maritime An analysis of options for including international and aviation emissions in a future agreement. aviation and maritime emissions in a post-2012 climate mitigation regime. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. European Union. 2011. Building on its objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon 80-95 percent by 2050 compared to 1990, the EU has set out a roadmap economy in 2050. outlining milestones and challenges between now and 2050. The report Brussels, March. examines investment opportunities in different sectors, including power, residential, industry, and transport, to determine the pathway to a low-carbon economy by 2050. The Commission intends to use the Roadmap as a basis for developing sector specific policy initiatives to support the transition to a low carbon economy, as well as a means to stimulate the international negotiations in the run-up to COP17. Faber, J. et al. 2007. This proposal presents several means for including aviation and maritime Climate Change Scientific Assessment And Policy emissions in a future climate agreement. Analysis: Aviation and Maritime Transport in a Post 2012 Climate Policy Regime. Netherlands Research Programme on Scientific Assessment and Policy Analysis, April 2007. Grieshop, A. et al. 2009. This paper discusses the mitigation potential of addressing black carbon and “A black carbon mitigation wedge,” argues for inclusion of black carbon under a future climate policy under the Nature Geoscience. Volume 2, August. UNFCCC. Hare, W. et al. 2010. The authors put forward an argument that a centralized, top-down, legally “The architecture of the global climate regime: a binding climate governance architecture is the best option to pursue an top-down perspective,” ambitious 2˚ C or 1.5˚ C goal. This requires strong global coordination and Climate Policy. Vol. 10 (6). strict targets and timetables for countries that need to be agreed-upon and implemented as soon as possible to address climate change with the effort and urgency that it necessitates. BUILDING THE CLIMATE CHANGE REGIME: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES 5 KEY ISSUE 1: Options Under the UNFCCC to Increase Ambition Beyond Existing Commitments and Actions IPCC. 2007. The Fourth Assessment Report outlines observed changes in climate, their Fourth Assessment Report: climate change 2007. – effects, and anthropogenic causes. Additionally, the authors summarize Synthesis report. the