Biodiversity and Human Livelihoods in Protected Areas: Case Studies from the Malay Archipelago Protected areas have emerged as major arenas of dispute concerning both indigenous people and environmental protection. In the Malay Archipelago, which contains 2 of the 34 biodiversity hotspots identified globally, rampant commercial exploitation is jeopardizing species and livelihoods. While protected areas remain the only hope for the imperilled biota of the Malay Archipelago, this protection requires consideration of the sustenance needs and economic aspirations of the local people. Putting forward the views of all the stakeholders of protected areas – conservation practitioners and planners, local community members, NGO activists, government administrators, biologists, lawyers, policy and management analysts and anthropologists – this book fills a unique niche in the area of biodiversity conservation, and is a highly valuable and original reference book for graduate students, scientists and managers, as well as government officials and transnational NGOs. Navjot S. Sodhi is currently an Associate Professor at the National University of Singapore. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Saskatchewan, and has been studying the effects of rainforest loss and degradation on Southeast Asian fauna for the past 11 years. He is a former Bullard Fellow at Harvard, and has conducted research funded by many organizations, including the National Geographic Society. Greg Acciaioli graduated with a Ph.D. in Anthropology from the Australian National University, and currently lectures in anthropology and sociology at the University of Western Australia. He has been a Research Fellow at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies at the City University of Hong Kong, the Asia Research Centre at Murdoch University and the Asia Research Institute at the National University of Singapore. Maribeth Erb is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore. She received her Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and has been involved in anthropo- logical and sociological research in eastern Indonesia for over 20 years. Alan Khee-Jin Tan is an Associate Professor and Vice-Dean at the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore (NUS). A graduate of NUS and Yale Law, he has been a Justice’s Law Clerk at the Supreme Court of Singapore, and has researched extensively into environmental law issues in Southeast Asia, particularly the recurring forest and land fires problem in Indonesia. Biodiversity and Human Livelihoods in Protected Areas: Case Studies from the Malay Archipelago Edited by Navjot S. Sodhi, Greg Acciaioli, Maribeth Erb, Alan Khee-Jin Tan cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521870214 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521870214 © Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2007 ISBN-13 978-0-511-37131-8 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-10 0-511-37131-4 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87021-4 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-87021-6 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. To the memory of Alfred Russel Wallace, whose vision of the naturalist’s project encompassed evaluating the moral quality of human institutions. Contents List of contributors page x Acknowledgements xv 1 General introduction Navjot S. Sodhi, Greg Acciaioli, Maribeth Erb and Alan Khee-Jin Tan 1 Part I Conservation needs and priorities 7 2 Introduction to Part I Navjot S. Sodhi 9 3 Delineating Key Biodiversity Areas as targets for protecting areas Thomas M. Brooks, Naamal De Silva, Melizar V. Duya, Matt Foster, David Knox, Penny Langhammer, William Marthy R. and Blas Tabaranza, Jr. 20 4 A Master Plan for Wildlife in Sarawak: preparation, implementation and implications for conservation Melvin T. Gumal, Elizabeth L. Bennett, John G. Robinson and Oswald Braken Tisen 36 5 Indonesia’s protected areas need more protection: suggestions from island examples David Bickford, Jatna Supriatna, Noviar Andayani, Djoko Iskandar, Ben J. Evans, Rafe M. Brown, Ted Townsend, Umilaela, Deidy Azhari and Jimmy A. McGuire 53 6 Birds, local people and protected areas in Sulawesi, Indonesia Tien Ming Lee, Navjot S. Sodhi and Dewi M. Prawiradilaga 78 vii viii Contents 7 Importance of protected areas for butterfly conservation in a Lian Pin Koh 95 8 Biodiversity conservation and indigenous peoples in Indonesia: the Krui people in southern Sumatra as a case study Ahmad Kusworo and Robert J. Lee 111 9 Involving resource users in the regulation of access to resources for the protection of ecosystem services provided by protected areas in Indonesia Abdul Halim, Tri Soekirman and Widodo Ramono 122 10 Conclusion to Part I Navjot S. Sodhi 139 Part II Conservation with and against people(s) 141 11 Introduction to Part II Maribeth Erb and Greg Acciaioli 143 12 Collaboration, conservation, and community: a conversation between Suraya Afiff and Celia Lowe Suraya Afiff and Celia Lowe 153 13 Hands off, hands on: communities and the management of national parks in Indonesia Moira Moeliono 165 14 Conservation and conflict in Komodo National Park Ruddy Gustave and Henning Borchers 187 15 Another way to live: developing a programme for local people around Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Semiarto Aji Purwanto 203 16 For the people or for the trees? A case study of violence and conservation in Ruteng Nature Recreation Park Maribeth Erb and Yosep Jelahut 222 17 Seas of discontent: conflicting knowledge paradigms within Indonesia’s marine environmental arena Chris Majors 241 18 Strategy and subjectivity in co-management of the Lore Lindu National Park (Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) Greg Acciaioli 266 Contents ix 19 Indigenous peoples and parks in Malaysia: issues and questions Hood Salleh and Keith A. Bettinger 289 20 Protecting Chek Jawa: the politics of conservation and memory at the edge of a nation Daniel P.S. Goh 311 21 Integrating conservation and community participation in protected-area development in Brunei Darussalam Azman Ahmad 330 22 Conclusion to Part II Greg Acciaioli and Maribeth Erb 343 Part III Legal and governance frameworks for conservation 347 23 Introduction to Part III Alan Khee-Jin Tan 349 24 Protected-area management in Indonesia and Malaysia: the challenge of divided competences between centre and periphery Alan Khee-Jin Tan 353 25 Protecting sovereignty versus protecting parks: Malaysia’s federal system and incentives against the creation of a truly national park system Keith A. Bettinger 384 26 What protects the protected areas? Decentralization in Indonesia, the challenges facing its terrestrial and marine national parks and the rise of regional protected areas Jason M. Patlis 405 27 Learning from King Canute: policy approaches to biodiversity conservation, lessons from the Leuser Ecosystem John F. McCarthy and Zahari Zen 429 28 Conclusion to Part III Alan Khee-Jin Tan 457 29 General conclusion Navjot S. Sodhi, Greg Acciaioli, Maribeth Erb and Alan Khee-Jin Tan 459 Index 465 Contributors Greg Acciaioli Anthropology and Sociology, School of Social and Cultural Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. Suraya Afiff Karsa Institute for Rural and Agrarian Change, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Azman Ahmad Department of Public Policy and Administration, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Darussalam, Brunei. Noviar Andayani Wildlife Conservation Society – Indonesia Program, Jl. Pangrango No. 8, Bogor, Indonesia. Deidy Azhari c/o David Bickford, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore. Elizabeth L. Bennett Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA. Keith A. Bettinger Institute of Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebang- saan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. David Bickford Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore. Henning Borchers The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. x List of Contributors xi Thomas M. Brooks Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC 20036, USA; and ICRAF – The World Agroforestry Centre, PO Box 35024, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines; and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. Rafe M.