Dela Slovenijo Leta 2003, Neurja S Točo in Poplave

Dela Slovenijo Leta 2003, Neurja S Točo in Poplave

UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Petra Tušar PODNEBNE SPREMEMBE IN NACIONALNA VARNOST Diplomsko delo Ljubljana 2007 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Petra Tušar Mentor: red. prof. dr. Marjan Malešič PODNEBNE SPREMEMBE IN NACIONALNA VARNOST Diplomsko delo Ljubljana 2007 Podnebne spremembe in nacionalna varnost Podnebne spremembe predstavljajo vse bolj resno grožnjo svetu. S tem, kako bo v prihodnosti, se ukvarjajo mnoge študije, vendar pa so dejanske napovedi nemogoče. Podnebne spremembe so vse bolj pogosto povezane z nacionalno varnostjo držav. Diplomsko delo v prvem delu obravnava podnebne spremembe skozi zgodovino in okoljske probleme v svetu in Sloveniji. V nadaljevanju so predstavljeni možni scenariji podnebnih sprememb ter kako bodo podnebne spremembe vplivale na posamezna področja (energetika, kmetijstvo in prehrana, zdravstvo, vodne vire in vodooskrbo) v Sloveniji. Področje mednarodne in domače okoljske zakonodaje je predstavljeno v naslednjem poglavju. Na mednarodnem področju sta posebej izpostavljena Kjotski protokol in konferenca OZN v Riu de Janeiru, na področju domače okoljske zakonodaje pa ukrepi, ki jih mora izvajati Slovenija kot članica Evropske unije, in glavni dokumenti, ki urejajo področje nacionalne varnosti in okolja. V zadnjem delu je predstavljena povezava med nacionalno varnostjo in okoljem. Povezava temelji tako na teoretičnih izhodiščih kot tudi na analizi trenda v Republiki Sloveniji. Analiza trenda tako obsega sušo, ki je prizadela Slovenijo leta 2003, neurja s točo in poplave. Ključne besede: podnebne spremembe, nacionalna varnost, naravne nesreče, mednarodna zakonodaja, Evropska unija. Climate change and national security The threat to the world stability posed by climate change is becoming increasingly more severe. Numerous studies have come up with possible future scenarios. The outcome, however, remains impossible to predict. Climate change and national security are becoming increasingly intertwined. The first part of my diploma thesis is dedicated to the history of climate change and environmental problems both on a global scale and in Slovenia. In continuation I presented several possible scenarios of climate change and its impact in several different areas (energy, agriculture and food supply, health, water reserves and water supply) in Slovenia. The next part of my thesis contains an outline of international and domestic environmental legislation. From international legislation I especially pointed out the Kyoto protocol and UN conference in Rio de Janeiro; domestic legislation is mostly related to the European Union and Slovenia’s obligations arising from its membership in the EU. The final part of this thesis illustrates the relationship between national security and climate change. The trend analysis is focused on drought that hit Slovenia in 2003, hailstorms and floods. Key words: climate change, national security, natural disasters, international legislation, European Union. 1. Uvod................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Metodološko-hipotetični okvir........................................................................................... 9 2.1 Raziskovalno vprašanje.............................................................................................. 9 2.2 Metode dela................................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Osnovni pojmi .......................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Podnebje........................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Klimatologija.................................................................................................... 10 2.3.3 Podnebne spremembe....................................................................................... 11 2.3.4 Varnost ............................................................................................................. 11 2.3.5 Nacionalna varnost........................................................................................... 12 2.3.6 Toplogredni plini.............................................................................................. 12 3. Kratek pregled zgodovine podnebnih sprememb............................................................. 13 4. Okoljski problemi in okoljski megatrendi........................................................................ 15 4.1 Rast prebivalstva...................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Emisije toplogrednih plinov..................................................................................... 15 4.3 Izkoriščanje neobnovljivih virov.............................................................................. 16 4.4 Zaloge vode po svetu................................................................................................ 19 5. Možne posledice podnebnih sprememb in scenariji ....................................................... 21 5.1 Dvig temperatur........................................................................................................ 21 5.2 Dvig morske gladine................................................................................................ 22 5.3 Ekstremni vremenski dogodki.................................................................................. 22 5.4 Demografske posledice podnebnih sprememb......................................................... 23 5.5 Eksterni stroški......................................................................................................... 24 5.6 Možni scenariji podnebnih sprememb ..................................................................... 25 5.6.1 Scenarij Medvladnega odbora za podnebne spremembe ................................. 26 5.6.2 Posledice podnebnih sprememb do leta 2015 .................................................. 26 5.6.3 Posledice podnebnih sprememb med letoma 2015 in 2025 ............................. 27 5.7 Prilagajanje na podnebne spremembe ...................................................................... 29 6. Možne posledice podnebnih sprememb v Sloveniji......................................................... 31 6.1 Okoljski problemi Slovenije..................................................................................... 31 6.2 Prehrana, živinoreja in kmetijstvo............................................................................ 35 6.3 Vodni viri in oskrba z vodo...................................................................................... 36 6.4 Podnebne spremembe in zdravje ljudi ..................................................................... 38 4 6.5 Energetika................................................................................................................. 39 7. Mednarodni in nacionalni naravovarstveni akti, ki urejajo zaščito okolja....................... 40 7.1 Konferenca v Riu de Janeiru in sprejetje Okvirne konvencije OZN o spremembi podnebja ............................................................................................................................... 40 7.2 Kjotski protokol........................................................................................................ 41 7.3 Slovenija in Evropska unija...................................................................................... 42 7.4 Programski dokumenti RS....................................................................................... 44 7.5 Nacionalni program varstva okolja .......................................................................... 46 8. Podnebne spremembe in nacionalna varnost Republike Slovenije.................................. 47 8.1 Povezava okolje – varnost........................................................................................ 47 8.2 Oblikovanje nacionalno-varnostne politike in okoljevarstvena politika Slovenije. 49 9. Naravne nesreče in ujme v Sloveniji................................................................................ 51 9.1 Suša v Sloveniji leta 2003 ....................................................................................... 51 9.2 Neurja s točo............................................................................................................. 54 9.3 Poplave..................................................................................................................... 57 10. Pogled na varnost z vidika državljanov in zavest o podnebnih spremembah v Sloveniji 60 11. Sklep................................................................................................................................. 62 12. Seznam slik, grafov in tabel ............................................................................................. 64 13. Literatura .......................................................................................................................... 65 5 Seznam kratic: ARSO – Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje in prostor CMS – Convention on Migratory Species – Konvencija o varstvu selitvenih vrst prosto živečih živali ECCP – European Climate Change Programme – Evropski program o klimatskih spremembah ECJ – European Court of Justice – Evropsko sodišče EEA – European Environmental Agency – Evropska okoljska agencija EK – Evropska komisija ESEAS – European Sea Level Service – Evropska

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