20th Century European, World Conflicts Dr. Klein Hist-396\696 Spring '09 Syllabus: Part 2: Additional Readings 1) IMPERIALISM AND WORLD POLITICS The standard work on the diplomacy of the imperial era, although old, is William Langer=s Diplomacy of Imperialism ; the most brilliant, is by Hannah Arendt, Imperialism , also found as Pt. 1 of her Origins of Totalitarianism , but it is a difficult work. A literary classic of significance is Joseph Conrad =s. Heart of Darkness . Another, on the internal impact of imperialism is George Orwell =s Burmese Days . A synthesizing book, useful for this course in Winfred Baumgart =s Imperialism . D.K. Fieldhouse puts forward his ideas in Colonialism and The Colonial Empires. The important ideas of John Gallagher and R. Robinson are discussed in William R. Lewis, Imperialism , The Gallagher-Robinson Controversy . See also, J. Gallagher and R. Robinson, Africa and the Victorians . Another writer of intellectual significance is A. P. Thornton, whose works include The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies , Doctrines of Imperialism and Imperialism in the Twentieth Century . Among works that deal with diplomatic features of imperialism are George Monger, The End of Isolation and Ian Nish, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance , both focusing primarily on British policies. For French expansion see John Cady, The Roots of French Imperialism in Eastern Asia , Herbert Priestly, France Overseas ; Stephen Roberts, French Colonial Policy ; Thomas Power, Jules Ferry and French Imperialism . For Germany, A.J.P. Taylor, Germany =s First Bid for Colonies ; and W.O. Aydelotte, Bismarck and British Colonial Policy ; and M.E. Townsend The Rise and Fall of Germany =s Colonial Empire ; and W.D. Smith, The German Colonial Empire; and W.O. Henderson, Studies in German Colonial History . On Russia: B.H. Sumner, Tsardom and Imperialism ; D. J. Dallin, The Rise of Russia in Asia ; J. A. White, The Diplomacy of the Russo-Japanese War ; and D. Walder, The Short Victorious War Russo-Japanese Conflict . On racial and psychological aspects, see O. Manoni, Prospero and Caliban ; and Philip Mason, Prospero =s Magic . A Marxist orientation is found in V. G. Kiernan, Marxism and Imperialism . Among more specialized or local studies, mainly focusing on British policy are: B. Porter, The Lion =s Share ; and R. Hyam, Britain =s Imperial Century ; Elizabeth Munro, Britain =s Moment in the Middle East ; Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform ; R. Faber, Vision and Need, Late Victorian Imperial Aims ; B. Porter, Critics of Empire ; Max Beloff, Imperial Sunset ; D.C. Gordon, Moment of Power ; C.C. Eldridge, England =s Mission ; D.A. Low, Lion Rampant ; J.W. Cell, British Colonial Administration ; V. Halperin, Lord Milner ; G.H. Uzoigwe, Britain and The Conquest of Africa ; Studies of the West and Africa include Philip Curtin, Africa and the West ; and The Image of Africa ; and The Rulers of German Africa ; and The Rulers of Belgian Africa ; H.S. Wilson, The Imperial Experience in Sub-Saharan Africa ; S.M. Schreuder, The Scramble for Southern Africa ; B. Farwell, The Great Anglo-Boer War ; T. Pakenham, The Boer War ; W.B. Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans ; R. Tignor, The Colonial Transformation of Kenya ; R.D. Wolff, The Economics of Colonialism: Britain and Kenya ; M.M. Knight, Morocco as a French Economic Venture ; H. Rudin, Germans in the Cameroons ; J. Suret-Canale, French Colonialism in Tropical Africa ; Ruth Slade, King Leopold =s Congo ; J. S. Galbraith, Reluctant Empire: British Policy on the Southern African Frontier ; Margery Perham, Lugard ; James Flint, Sir George Goldie ; Felix Gross, Rhodes in Africa ; Ronald Oliver, Sir Henry Johnson and The Scramble for Africa . 2) WORLD WAR I: ORIGINS AND PEACEMAKING 2 The best general diplomatic history of the period culminating in World War I is A.J. P. Taylor =s Struggle for Mastery in Europe , difficult and demanding reading. Among older general studies of the origins of the ΑGreat War ≅ are those by Harry Elmer Barnes, S.B. Fay, Bernadette Schmitt, G.P. Gooch, Eric Brandenburg, Pierre Reneuvin, and Luigi Albertini, many quite massive and detailed. More recent works, noted for either style, brevity, or controversy, number L.C. Turner, Origins of World War I ; Dwight Lee, Europe =s Crucial Years ; Joachim Remak, The Origins of World War I ; V.R. Burghahn, Germany and the Approach to War ; the last two are noted for integrating domestic and international developments. The most controversial but influential tome is by Fritz Fischer, Germany =s Aims and Approach to War . See also J.A. Moses, The Politics of Illusion: The Fischer Revolution in German Historiography , and I. Geiss, German Foreign Policy . Among useful memoirs (valuable for term papers) are those by Edward Gray, R.B. Haldane, Raymond Poincare, Theobold Bethmann-Holwig and Bernard Von Bulow, and the leading German and British Admirals, Fisher and Tirpitz. For national or special studies, see P.M. Kennedy, The Rise of Anglo- German Antagonism ; J. Nere, The Foreign Policy of France ; R.J. Bosworth, Italy, the Least of the Great Powers ; C.J. Lowe and F. Marzari, Italian Foreign Policy ; George Monger, End of Isolation, British Foreign Policy 1900-1909 ; C. Andrew, Delcasse and the Making of the Entente Cordiale ; E.C. Helmreich, Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars ; C. Hazelhurst, Politicians at War . On the war itself, see general works by Basil Liddell Hart (a distinguished strategist, and an originator of ΑFluid War ≅ - renamed by the Germans as ΑBlitzkreig ≅). See also books by H. Baldwin and C.B. Falls. Additionally, P. Kennedy, War Plans of the Great Powers ; and on war and society, M. Ferre, The Great War . For literate, individual reactions to trench warfare and slaughter, see George Shersten (Siegfried Sassoon), Memoirs ; and Robert Greaves, Goodbye to All That . Among the many studies of individual war phases and struggles are Barbara Tuchman, Guns of August , vivid but overblown; G. Ritter, The Schlieffen Plan ; Alan Moorehead, Gallipoli ; N. Stone, The Eastern Front ; T. Ackworth, Trench Warfare ; E.J. Lead, No Man =s Land . On home front activities, see J. Williams, The Other Battleground: Home Fronts, Britain, France, Germany . A comparable study for the United States is D.N. Kennedy, Over Here . G. Hardach, The First World War is an economic not a military study. Other special studies include M. Kitchen, The German High Command: Hindenburg and Ludendorff ; A. J. May. The Passing of the Hapsburg Empire ; Z.A. Zeman, Breakup of the Hapsburg Empire ; R.B. Armenson, Total Warfare and Compulsory Labor . Among the most worthwhile studies of the diplomacy of war and peace making are V.H. Rothwell, British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy ; D. Stevenson, French War Aims Against Germany ; P.C. Helmreich, From Paris to Sevres ; Partition of the Ottoman Empire ; K.J. Calder, Britain and the Origins of The New Europe ; A.J. Mayer, Political Origin of the New Diplomacy; L.L. Farrar, Divide and Conquer, German Efforts for a Separate Peace; John Wheeler Bennet, The Forgotten Peace: Brest- Litovsk ; L. Stein, The Balfour Declaration . Focusing particularly on Versailles are the old Αclassics, ≅ Harold Nicholson, Peacemaking and J.M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace , both critical of Wilsonism; P. Birdsall, Versailles Twenty Years After ; Eli Mantoux, Cartheginian Peace ; J.M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles Peace . See also C.L. Mee, The End of Order:Versailles ; M.L. Dockrill and J.E. Goold, Peace Without Promise ; and studies of Italy at Versailles by Rene Albrecht Carrie, and of the German-Polish settlement by I. Morrow. 3) REVOLUTIONARY AND DEPRESSION EUROPE The course focuses for a time on internal, revolutionary changes in Europe in order to 3 understand international relations and the coming of World War II. More than a pro-forma knowledge is needed of revolution and instability to relate it to war. Among the numerous relevant volumes on Russia are surveys of the old regime by Hugh Seton Watson, Bernard Pares, and Richard Pipes. There are good biographies of Lenin by David Shub, Louis Fischer, Robert Conquest and M.C. Morgan. Special studies which cover the pre-revolutionary era include D.W. Treadgold, Lenin and His Rivals ; L. Haimson, Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism ; S.H. Baron, Plekanov , and Adam Ulam, The Bolsheviks , and F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution . A useful comparative biography is Bertram Wolfe =s Three Who Made a Revolution . A short analytical synthesis is T.H. Von Laue =s Why Lenin, Why Stalin, Why Gorbachev . The outstanding biography of Trotsky is Isaac Deutscher =s three volumes, particularly The Prophet Armed . Other biographers of worth on Trotsky are L. Howe, R. Payne, and R. Segal. For Stalin, Adam Ulam =s Stalin: Man and Era is usually rated best; but see also biographies by Deutscher and R.C. Tucker. On the revolution and beyond, see the one volume synopsis of E.H. Carr =s massive study, Russian Revolution: Lenin to Stalin ; and see also M. Ferre Russian Revolution of 1917 ; J.H. Keep, The Russian Revolution ; T. Hasegawa, The February Revolution ; Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the USSR, and The Origins of the Communist Autocracy ; Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union , (on policies toward nationalities); George Kennan, Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin (an intelligent, influential American diplomat =s view); Kruschev Remembers ; James Billington, The Icon and the Axe , on Russian culture; John Hazard =s studies on Soviet law; A. Nove =s Economic History of the USSR; and J.P. Nettle =s assessment, The Soviet Achievement . A brilliant if abstruse intellectual work centering (eventually) on the idea of Fascism is Hannah Arendt =s Origins of Totalitarianism ; and another intellectual milestone is Karl Popper=s Open Society and Its Enemies . A brilliant comparative study is Ernst Nolte =s Three Faces of Fascism .