1/ U.S. AR MY MILITARY Hl!3TORYtl$jTlWTE WCS CARLISLE BARRACKS, PA 17013-5008 CIC Wwk!OUNTER INTELLIGENCE CORPS I’ HISTORY AND MISSION IN. WORLD WAR II COUNTER INTELLIGENCE CORPS SCHOOL FORT HOLABIRD BALTIMORE 19, MARYLAND . Special Text BISTGRYAND NISSION \ - IFJ woB[D WARII - - - CIC School Counter Intelligence Corps Center LlU, a‘.* ,’ ARMY WAR COLLEGE - ~Ai%WyE BARFiAdI@, PA, THE CORPSOF INTELLIGENCEPOLICE - CHAPTER1. FROM1917 TO WORLDWAR II Paragraph Page- Purpose and Scope. 1 The Corps of Intelligence Police . 2 : - CHAPTER2. ORGANIZATIONFOR WAR The Corps of Intelligence Police is Geared for Action ....... 5 The Counter Intelligence Corps .............................. 5 Personnel Procurement ....................................... 5 The Problem of Rank......................................... 6 1; CBAPIER3. TBE COUNl’ERITVI’ELLIGENCE CORPS IN THE ZONEOF TIE INTERIOR, 1941-1943 The Military Intelligence Division . ..*.......... 7 13 - PARTTWO _I OPERATIONSOF TIE COWTERINTELLIGENCE CORPS IN THE PRINCIPAL TBEATERS CHAPTER4. OPERATIONSIN NORTHAFRICA The klission . ..*.........................................* 8 The Landing . ..*...........****............. 9 Organization for Operation with Combat Troops . 10 Operations in Liberated Areas . Liaison with United States Intelligence Organizations....... Liaison with Allied Intelligence Organizations.............. 13 Lessons Learned Through Experience . ..*...... 14 Counterintelligence During the Tactical Planning Phases..... 15 Counterintelligence During Mounting Phase of Tactical Operations . Conclusions . CBAPIER5. OPERATIONSM SICILY Pre-Invasion Program. ..*................................ 21 - Staging Area Preparations and Duties . ..a............ Operation with Combat Troops . ..*........................... 20 i: Operation in the Static Situation . ..*........ 23 -- Occupational Phase Begins . ...* 24 I - - Paragraph We Captured Documents.......................................... 23 25 Lessons Learned Through Field Experience .................... 24 26 _~ CHAPTER6. OPERATIONSIN ITALY Pre-Invasion Planning ....................................... 25 28 Counter Intelligence Corps During the Invasion .............. 26 28 - From the Volturno River to Rome.......... ..? ................ 27 29 Administrative Procedures During the Italian Campaign....... 28 31 From Rome to the Arno River ................................. 29 32 - The German Espionage Roblem ................................ 30 The Final Breakthrough ...................................... 31 ii Lessons Learned on the Basis of Field Fhqerience ............ 32 34 - CBAPTER7. OPERATICNSIN THE IJNYlED KlNGDOM Organization ................................................ 33 36 .- Liaison with British Intelligence ........................... 34 36 .CHAPTER8. OPERATIm IN FRANCEAND TIE LWLANDS - Pre-Invasion Planning ....................................... 35 38 Operations with Combat Troops ............................... 36 39 - Operations in Normandy...................................... 37 41 Operations in Northeastern France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Holland .................................................. 38 42 Operations in Southern France ............................... 39 44 - CHAPTER9. OPERATIONSIN GERMANY Operations During the Advance............................... 40 46 Operations in the Static Situation .......................... 47 Conclusions ................................................. 2 48 CHAPTER10. OPERATIONSIN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN AREAS North Atlantic Operations ................................... 43 50 CHAPTER11. OPERATIONSIN THE CARIBBEANAREAS Background .................................................. 44 53 Operations in the Canal Zone................................ 45 53 Operations in the Department of the Antilles ................ 46 54 ~~- CBAPTER12. OPERATICNSIN THE SOUTHATLANTIC THEATER Organization and Activities . 47 56 - CBAPTER13. OPERATIONSM THE MIDDLEEAST 58 - . CHitions Existing in the Area . 48 -- Paragraph me Organization and Administration ............................. 58 ~- Activities in an Area of Multiple Jurisdictions ............. 58 Lessons Learned ............................................. 51 59 CBAPIER 14. OPERATIONSIN TBE CHINA-BBRMA-II‘0I.ATBEAl’ER Activities in India and Bum . ..*.................. 52 60 Activities in China . ..*..........*........ Southeast China Project . t: CHARER 15. OPERATIONSIN ALASKA - Introduction ................................................ 64 Organization ................................................ 64 - Operation and Investigative Procedure ....................... 57 64 CHAPTER16. OPERATI(lNSlN THE HAWAIIANl!XANBS - Introduction . 58 66 Organization .a............................................., 59 Counter Intelligence Corps Controls in Insular Areas.. 60 it- CHAPTER17. OPERATIONSIN THE SOUIHWEST PAC IFIC Early Organization . 69 -- Reorganization of the Counter Intelligence Corps . Counter Intelligence Corps in Combat in the Admiralty Islands63 E Counter Intelligence Corps in the New Guinea Operations..... 64 E .- Operations in the Solomon Islands . 65 Operations in New Hebrides . ..e. 66 74 Operations in the Fiji Islands . 74 -- Lessons Learned from These Island Activities .e.............. b”o’ 74 CHAPTER18. OPERATIONSIN THE PBlLIPPINE ISLANDS - Pre-Invasion Planning . ..e...c........................eo.... 69 77 The Landing Phase. ..o......e... 70 77 - Lessons Learned . ..e.....................*..............*... ; Operations in Luzon . ..*.......................... ;6’ The Entry into Manila . 73 81 The Final Phase. ..o.............................*. 74 81 - CHAPTER19. CONCLUSION Conclusion . ..~....................................... 75 82 - - Part One TBE COBPSOF IWIELLIGENCEPOLICE CHAPTER 1 FROM1917 to 1IoBlD WABII 1. PDEPCSEAND SCOPE. The material in this manual is designed to furnish information on the historical development of the Counter Intelli- gence Corps. It covers the period from 1917 to 1945, with special - emphasis on the war years. An attempt has been made, from the documents available, to describe the history and mission of the Counter Intelli- gence Corps in the various theaters of operations. - 2. Tf?E COB&%OF IMTEUIGEWCEPOLICE. During World War I the In- telligence Section, American Expeditionary Force, recoaaaendedand the War College Division sanctioned the establishment of the Corps of In- telligence Police. Authority for such action was contained in the provi- sions of Section II of an Act of Congress (approved 18 May 19171 giving the President the power to increase the Army to meet the national emer- - gency. This Corps of fifty men in the rank of sergeant of infantry was to report for counterespionage duty under the CommandingGeneral, Ameri- can Expeditionary Force. On 13 August 1917, the Corps of Intelligence - Police was officially established by War Department General Orders. a. A French-speaking officer with experience in police work was given the mission of recruiting the men. He traveled to New Orleans - and New York City where he advertised in the local newspapers for men who could speak French to do intelligence work in France. Ae accepted all candidates who could pass the Army physical examination and answer a - few simple questions in French. b. On 25 November 1917, the Corps of Intelligence Police, fifty strong, arrived in St. Nazaire, France. Some were sent to British Intelligence at L.e Havre for further training. The others were assigned to the rear area under the control of General Headquarters or were merged with divisional intelligence sections. The Le Bavfe Detachment worked et copying British suspect lists and counterespionage suavaeries and be- gan indexing these lists, This training continued until a short while before the Armistice. - c. In January, 1918, the Corps opened its office in Paris and began work on its central card file, securing names from British, French, and American sources. At the end of the war this file contained some 50,000 names. d. The first. actual counterespionage work was done at’ St. Nazaire where enemy agents were reported to be active. Agents appre- hended by the Corps of Intelligence Police were imediately turned over to French authorities for disposition. Civilians were screened, travelers checked, and passports examined. In addition to work of a counter- espionage and security nature, the Corps of Intelligence Police also did investigative work for the Department of Criminal Investigation by con- ducting fraud and graft investigations. Members of the Corps of Intelli- gence Police were assigned to the American Peace Delegation in Paris. One detachment was assigned to guard President Wilson’s residence while he was in France. e. In January, 1918, authorization was granted to increase the Corps gradually to an eventual strength of 750 men. One year later, there were 405 agents on duty with the American Fzpeditionary Force. However, the allotted 750 vacancies were never filled because of the Armistice and demobilization of the Corps. f. Weanwhile, during the years 1917-1918, the work of the Corps of Intelligence Police in the continental United States was carried out under the Chief of the War College Division, General Staff. On 28 November 1917, the Corps was increased to 300 men, 250 of whom were to work within the United States. In Warch, 1918, with the abolition of the War College Division of the General Staff, the Corps of Intelligence Police was transferred to the control of the Wilitary Intelligence Branch of the Executive Division of the