DIPHTHONGS IN INLAND TERENGGANU MALAY: SYNCHRONY AND DIACHRONY JIANG WU LEIDEN UNIVERSITY [email protected] / [email protected] THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MALAY VARIETIES TOKYO, 1ST DECEMBER 2019 1 OUTLINE ¡ Introduction v Inland Terengganu Malay (ITM) v Previous studies v Research questions v Data ¡ A synchronic account of diphthongs in the ITM phonology ¡ Diachronic development of diphthongs in ITM ¡ Summary 2 INLAND TERENGGANU MALAY ¡ Malayic, Austronesian ¡ Hulu Terengganu district, Terengganu ¡ Also known as Ulu Terengganu Malay 3 INLAND TERENGGANU MALAY 4 Map1: The spread of Malayic varieties (Adelaar 2005: 203) INLAND TERENGGANU MALAY ¡ Malayic, Austronesian ¡ Ulu Terengganu district, Terengganu ¡ Also known as Ulu Terengganu Malay ¡ About 150 villages in total, mostly along rivers ¡ Number of speakers? ¡ Probably endangered 5 PREVIOUS STUDIES ¡ Diphthongisation of historical high vowels *i and *u in final syllables (Collins 1983, 1986, 1996) ¡ Dialect survey of 62 villages ¡ Great diversity ¡ Most data remain unpublished 6 (Collins 1983: 45)7 (Collins 1983: 45)8 (Collins 1983: 47) 9 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ¡ Synchronically: v How many phonetically distinctive diphthongs does one particular variety have? v How many phonemic diphthongs? 10 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ¡ Synchronically: v How many phonetically distinctive diphthongs does one particular variety have? v How many phonemic diphthongs? ¡ Diachronically: v (they developed from historical high vowels *i and *u) v What were the conditions and constraints in the process of diphthongisation that generated the synchronic pattern? 11 DATA ¡ Four-week fieldwork in Ulu Terengganu from September – October 2018 ¡ Primarily in Kampung Dusun, Mukim Jenagur ¡ Coordinate: 5.0753, 102.9526 ¡ Additional data from Kampung Tanjung Baru and Payang Kayu 12 A SYNCHRONIC ACCOUNT OF DIPHTHONGS IN THE DUSUN PHONOLOGY Diphthon Example Gloss Diphthong Example Gloss g [ɛi̯] [apɛi̯] ‘fire’ [əʊ̯] [batəʊ̯] ‘stone’ [æɛ̯] [putæɛ̯h] ‘white [ɐɔ̯] [idɐɔ̯ŋ] ‘nose’ [ɪi̯] [kulɪi̯ʔ] ‘skin’ [ɵu̯] [ikɵu̯ʔ] ‘to follow’ [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] [laŋɛ̃ɪ̯̃ʔ] ‘sky’ [ə̃ʊ̯̃] [bunə̃ʊ̯̃h] ‘to kill’ 13 A SYNCHRONIC ACCOUNT OF DIPHTHONGS IN THE DUSUN PHONOLOGY Diphthon Example Gloss Diphthong Example Gloss g [ɛi̯] [apɛi̯] ‘fire’ [əʊ̯] [batəʊ̯] ‘stone’ [æɛ̯] [putæɛ̯h] ‘white [ɐɔ̯] [idɐɔ̯ŋ] ‘nose’ [ɪi̯] [kulɪi̯ʔ] ‘skin’ [ɵu̯] [ikɵu̯ʔ] ‘to follow’ [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] [laŋɛ̃ɪ̯̃ʔ] ‘sky’ [ə̃ʊ̯̃] [bunə̃ʊ̯̃h] ‘to kill’ 14 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ other non-nasal nasal 12 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS ¡ [ɛi̯] only occurs in open syllables, after non-nasals or ∅ (rare), e.g. [apɛi̯] ‘fire’, [mãtɛi̯] ‘to die’, [buɛi̯]~[buwɛi̯] ‘to give’. Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] nasal 16 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS ¡ [æɛ̯] only occurs in closed syllables, after non-nasals or ∅ (rare), e.g. [tasæɛ̯ʔ] ‘lake’, [kucæɛ̯ŋ] ‘cat’, [putæɛ̯h] ‘white’, and [buæɛ̯h]~[buwæɛ̯h] ‘foam’. Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] nasal 17 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS ¡ [ɪi̯] only occurs in closed syllables, after non-nasals, e.g. [kulɪi̯ʔ] ‘skin’, [ssəkɪi̯ŋ] ‘poor’. Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [ɪi̯] nasal 18 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS ¡ [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] only occurs in closed syllables, after nasals, e.g. [kunɛ̃ɪ̯̃ŋ] ‘yellow’, [bənɛ̃ɪ̯̃h] ‘seed’. Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [ɪi̯] nasal [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 19 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [ɪi̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 20 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [ɪi̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 21 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [ɪi̯]~[i] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] ¡ [ɪi̯]~[i] e.g. [kulɪi̯ʔ]~[kuliʔ] ‘skin’ [kutɪi̯ʔ]~[kutiʔ] ‘to pinch’ 22 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 23 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 24 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 25 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 26 PHONEME AND ALLOPHONIC VARIATIONS ¡ /ɛi/ → [ɛi̯] / __ # Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) → [æɛ̯] / C[-nasal] __ C# ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] → [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] / C[+nasal] __ C# other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] ¡ Phonotactic costraint: v /ɛi/ does not occur in open syllables after nasals 27 PHONEME AND ALLOPHONIC VARIATIONS ¡ /ɛi/ → [ɛi̯] / __ # Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) → [æɛ̯] / C[-nasal] __ C# ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] → [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] / C[+nasal] __ C# [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [ɪi̯]~[i] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] ¡ Phonotactic costraint: v /ɛi/ does not occur in open syllables after nasals 28 PHONEME AND ALLOPHONIC VARIATIONS ¡ /ɛi/ → [ɛi̯] / __ # Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) → [æɛ̯] / C[-nasal] __ C# ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] → [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] / C[+nasal] __ C# [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [ɪi̯]~[i] ¡ /i/ → [ɪi̯]~[i] / C __ C# nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] → [ĩ] / C[+nasal] __ # → [i] / elsewhere ¡ Phonotactic costraint: v /ɛi/ does not occur in open syllables after nasals v /i/ does not occur in closed syllables after nasals 29 PHONEME AND ALLOPHONIC VARIATIONS ¡ /əʊ/ → [əʊ̯] / __ # Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) → [ɐɔ̯] / C[-nasal] __ C# ∅ [əʊ̯] [ɐɔ̯̯] → [ə̃ʊ̯̃] / C[+nasal] __ C# [ɐɔ̯] other non-nasal [əʊ̯] [ɵu̯]~[u] ¡ /u/ → [ɵu̯]~[u] / C __ C# nasal – [ə̃ʊ̯̃] → [ũ] / C[+nasal] __ # → [u] / elsewhere ¡ Phonotactic costraint: v /əʊ/ does not occur in open syllables after nasals v /u/ does not occur in closed syllables after nasals 30 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 31 DISTRIBUTION OF DIPHTHONGS Closed Open syllable syllable (h, ŋ, ʔ) ∅ [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] other non-nasal [ɛi̯] [æɛ̯] nasal – [ɛ̃ɪ̯̃] 32 HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF DIPHTHONGS ¡ All diphthongs in ITM developed from historical final-syllable high vowels *i and *u ¡ Historical diphthongs were reduced: Proto Malayic *pulaw > pulɔ ‘island’ Proto Malayic *lantay > lata ‘floor’ 33 HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF DIPHTHONGS ¡ All diphthongs in ITM developed from historical final-syllable high vowels *i and *u ¡ Historical diphthongs were reduced: Proto Malayic *pulaw > pulɔ ‘island’ Proto Malayic *lantay > lata ‘floor’ ¡ What determined the various outcomes of diphthongisation? ¡ Did all historical final-syllable *i and *u undergo diphthongisation? 34 HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF DIPHTHONGS ¡ Collins (1996: 34): ‘... hanya suku kata terbuka membenarkan diftongisasi. Dengan istilah suku kata terbuka dimasksudkan suka kata yang berakhir dengan [h] (daripada *q) dan [ʔ] (daripada *k) atau kesenyapan asal. Oleh itu, inovasi diftongisasi Ulu Terengganu berlaku sebelum *t dan *p berubah menjadi [ʔ] dan juga sebelum *s berubah menjadi [h]. ’ 35 *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM *Ø Ø *-ʔ -ʔ *-k *-p *-t *-ŋ -ŋ *-n *-m *-h -h *-s *-r Ø *-l 36 *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM *Ø ɛi/əʊ Ø *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r i/u ? Ø *-l 37 *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM *Ø ɛi/əʊ Ø *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r i/u ? Ø *-l 38 PM Dusun Gloss *dahi > dai ‘forehead ’ *baik > baiʔ ‘good’ *kait > ŋŋaiʔ ‘to knit’ *tiup > tiuʔ ‘to blow’ *tahu > tauŋ ‘year’ *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM n *Ø ɛi/əʊ Ø *jauh > jauh ‘far’ *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r i/u ? Ø 39 *-l PM Dusun Gloss *air > ai ‘water’ *paŋɡil > paŋɡi ‘to call’ *ikur > iku ‘tail’ *tumpu > tupu ‘dull, blunt’ l *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM *Ø ɛi/əʊ Ø *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r 40 i/u ? Ø *-l *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM *Ø ɛi/əʊ Ø *-ʔ *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r i/u ? Ø *-l 41 PM Dusun Gloss *api > apɛi ‘fire’ *mati > matɛi ‘to die’ *duɣiʔ > duɣɛi ‘thorn’ *batu > batəʊ ‘stone’ *kuku > kukəʊ ‘nail’ *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals *da͏ɡu > daɡəʊ ‘chin’ Dusun PM *Ø ʔ ɛi/əʊ Ø *-ʔ *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r i/u ? Ø 42 *-l *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM *Ø ɛi/əʊ Ø *-ʔ *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r i/u ? Ø *-l 43 PM Dusun Gloss *tasik > tasæɛʔ ‘lake’ *daɡiŋ > daɡæɛ ‘meat’ ŋ *putih > putæɛh ‘white’ *adiʔ > adæɛʔ ‘younger siblings’ *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM *dudu > dudɐɔʔ ‘to sit’ *Ø ɛi/əʊ Ø k *-ʔ *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ *hiduŋ > idɐɔŋ ‘nose’ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u *tujuh > tujɐɔh ‘seven’ ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r i/u ? Ø 44 *-l *Ø or *h other non-nasals nasals Dusun PM *Ø ɛi/əʊ Ø *-ʔ æɛ/ɐɔ -ʔ *-k *-p ɪi~i/ɵu~u ɛ̃ɪ̃/ə̃ʊ̃ *-t i/u æɛ/ɐɔ *-ŋ -ŋ *-n ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-m æɛ/ɐɔ *-h -h ɪi~i/ɵu~u *-s *-r i/u ? Ø *-l 45 PM Dusun Gloss *kulit > kulɪiʔ~kuliʔ ‘skin’ *cincin > cicɪiŋ~ciciŋ ‘ring’ *nipis > nipɪiç~nipiç