TENDENSE IN STEDELIKE BEPLANNING, KLIMAATSAANPASSING EN Published by the UFS VEERKRAGTIGHEID IN ZANZIBAR, http://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/trp TANZANIË © Creative Commons With Attribution (CC-BY) How to cite: Myers, G., Walz, J. & Jumbe, A. 2020. Trends in urban planning, climate adaptation Die afgelope dekades het daar aan- and resilience in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Town and Regional Planning, no.77, pp. 57-70. sien like verandering in Zanzibar Trends in urban planning, climate adaptation and plaasgevind, onder meer weens die wêreldwye impak op klimaats- resilience in Zanzibar, Tanzania verandering. Die semi-outonome rege- ring staar uitdagings in die gesig om veerkragtige stedelike gemeenskappe te Garth Myers, Jonathan Walz & Aboud Jumbe bevorder en te beplan vir die versagting en aanpassing by klimaatsverandering, nie die minste nie, te wyte aan die aard van die eiland en vinnige verstedeliking. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/2415-0495/trp77i1.5 Hierdie artikel handel oor stads- en Peer reviewed and revised November 2020 omge wings beplanningsmaatreëls van Published December 2020 2010 tot 2020 wat daarop gemik is om die gevolge van klimaatsverande- *The authors declared no conflict of interest for this title or article ring die hoof te bied en te werk aan veerkragtigheid en aanpassing Abstract in stedelike Zanzibar. Tematiese ontledings is gebruik om landgebruiks- Over recent decades, there has been substantial change in Zanzibar, due to, beplanning, klimaats aanpassing en among others, global climate change impacts. The semi-autonomous polity faces rampri sikover minderingsdokumentasie challenges to foster resilient urban communities and planning for mitigation and van die situasiebepaling, vasstelling adaptation to climate change, not least because of its island nature and rapid en onderskeie aanbevelings rakende urbanization. This article addresses urban and environmental planning measures grondgebruik en klimaatsaanpassing from 2010 to 2020 aimed at confronting the impacts of climate change and working te verbind. Die argument is dat die toward resilience and adaptation in urban Zanzibar. The study was conducted beplanning vir klimaatsverandering between June and August 2020, and primarily involved a combination of desktop groter maatskaplike wil, finansiële studies, online discussions, and virtual meetings with key actors in the land, climate, investering en die omskakeling van and disaster risk policy and governance aspects in Zanzibar. The review provides weten skap tot beleid vereis as wat information on the current responses to policy, legal and institutional setup in terms tans in Zanzibar bestaan. Dinamiese of the key issues related to land use, climate and disaster risk reduction in Zanzibar. individuele en regeringspogings en Thematic analysis was used to connect land-use planning, climate adaptation, and uitgesoekte gemeen skapsbetrok- disaster risk reduction documentation of the situational assessment, determination ken heid is waarskynlik onvoldoende and respective recommendations concerning land use and climate adaptation. It om veer kragtigheid te bewerkstellig, is argued that planning for climate change requires greater social will, financial aangesien grootskaalse skenkers investment, and the conversion of science to policy than currently exists in Zanzibar. gefinansierde klimaat saan passings- Dynamic individual and governmental efforts and select community engagement intervensies grotendeels van bo na are likely insufficient to produce resilience, as large-scale donor-funded climate onder in oriëntering is en die plaaslike adaptation interventions are largely top-down in orientation and often miss out on gemeenskapsgerigte klimaat op lossings local community-oriented climate solutions. Smaller NGOs are more practical for mis. Kleiner NRO’s is meer prakties om gemeenskapsgerigte prioriteite te understanding and addressing community-oriented priorities to support climate- verstaan en aan te spreek om klimaats- resilient initiatives and enhance local livelihood priorities and participation against bestande inisiatiewe te ondersteun climate impacts, including natural disasters and everyday degradation. The article en plaas like lewens bestaanprioriteite concludes with policy recommendations both specific to Zanzibar and relevant en deelname teen klimaatsinvloede te across the region. verbeter, insluitend natuurrampe en Keywords: Adaptation, global climate change, policy interventions, urban planning, alledaagse agteruitgang. Die artikel Zanzibar gee beleidsaanbevelings, spesifiek Dr. Garth A. Myers, PhD. Paul E. Rather Distinguished Professor of Urban International Studies and Director, Center for Urban and Global Studies, 300 Summit Street, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA 06106. Phone: 1-860-297-4273, email: <[email protected]>, ORCID: https:// orcid.org/0000-0001-5370-2389. Dr. Jonathan R. Walz, PhD. Associate Professor, Climate and Environment, School for International Training-Graduate Institute, Brattleboro, Vermont, USA and Zanzibar, Tanzania. P.O. Box 3040 Vuga, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Phone: 255-754313545, email: <[email protected]>, ORCID: https://orcid.org/000-0003-4647-8504. Dr. Aboud S. Jumbe, PhD. Environmental Scientist, Department of Environment, Government of Zanzibar, P.O. Box 628, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Tel: 255-778900448, email: <[email protected]>, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-3071. SSB/TRP/MDM 2020 (77):57-70 | ISSN 1012-280 | e-ISSN 2415-0495 57 SSB/TRP/MDM 2020 (77) vir Zanzibar en ook relevant in die sebetsa haholo bakeng sa kutloisiso (Muhajir, 2020: 15). The urban area hele streek. le ho sebetsana le lintho tse tlang pele also known as Zanzibar serves Sleutelwoorde: Aanpassing, beleidsin- sechabeng tse tšehetsang mehato as the capital, with an estimated ea ho loants’a maemo a hlobaetsang tervensies, stedelike beplanning, wêreld- metropolitan population of just wye klimaats verandering, Zanzibar a leholimo le ho ntlafatsa merero ea boipheliso ea lehae le ho nka karolo over 700,000 as of 2020 (Muhajir, khahlanong le litlamorao tsa maemo 2020: 26). This figure combines the MEKHOA EA MERALO EA a leholimo, ho kenyeletsoa likoluoa ​​ Zanzibar Urban District, with slightly LITOROPO, HO IKAMAHANYA tsa tlhaho le ho senyeha hoa letsatsi over 200,000 people (including the le letsatsi. Sengoloa se phetheloa ka LE MAEMO A LEHOLIMO LE small ‘Stone Town’ historic district, likhothaletso tsa maano a ikhethileng now home to less than 10,000) BOTSITSO TOROPONG EA ho Zanzibar le ho sebetsa ho potoloha and the rapidly urbanizing West A ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA le naha. and West B districts with 500,000 Lilemong tse mashome tsa ho feta, ho bile le phetoho e kholo Zanzibar, residents (Myers, 2020: 82). The 1. INTRODUCTION ka lebaka la hara tse ling, litlamorao urban area’s population is now 14 tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. The years 1990 to 2020 brought times the size it was (less than Leano le ikemetseng la boipuso le tremendous political, economic, 50,000) in 1963 (Myers, 1993: 347; tobane le liphephetso ho matlafatsa social and environmental changes Muhajir, 2020: 28). This rapid pace of sechaba sa litoropo se ikemiselitseng urbanization comes with a sprawling le ho rala bakeng sa ho fokotsa le ho to Zanzibar. Since 1990, the geographical footprint, since most of ikamahanya le phetoho ea maemo semi-autonomous polity within the a leholimo, haholoholo ka lebaka la United Republic of Tanzania has the residential development consists hore kesehlekehleke seo litoropo tsa experienced the re-introduction of of single-family homes, compounding sona li holang ka potlako e kholo. both a multiparty political system and sustainability challenges in spheres Sengoliloeng sena se bua ka mehato a capitalist economy built primarily such as solid waste management, ea moralo oa litoropo le tikoloho ho around tourism (Keshodkar, 2013: air and water pollution, soil and tloha 2010 ho isa 2020 e reretsoeng beach erosion, and environmental ho tobana le litlamorao tsa phetoho 55-86; Gössling, 2002: 540-541; ea maemo a leholimo le ho sebeletsa Killian, 2008: 100-109). These health (Paula, 2016: 91-93). ho ba le botsitso le ho ikamahanya transformations have coincided with From 2010 to 2020, environmental le maemo a leholimo litoropong tsa both the substantial migration of planning measures sought to Zanzibar. Phuputso e entsoe pakeng mainland Tanzanians to the islands confront climate change impacts and tsa Phuptjane le Phato 2020, mme and significant influences from ensure resilience and adaptation e kenyelletsa haholo-holo motswako global social forces, including the oa lithuto tsa desktop, lipuisano le in urban Zanzibar. However, such likopano tsa inthanete le batšehetsi ba near-constant presence of many efforts became entangled in a ka sehloohong molemong oa maano thousands of European and North power dynamic between land-use a mobu, maemo a leholimo, maemo a American tourists amid the global authorities and the city’s residents. leholimo le likotsi tsa koluoa ‘mooho ​​le revitalization of Islam (Keshodkar, The land tenure system in Zanzibar puso toropong ea Zanzibar. Tlhatlhobo 2013: 111-138; Larsen, 2005: ena e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le is guided under the Land Tenure 145-157). This change has both Act – the principal land legislation likarabo tsa hajoale ho maano, melao produced significant environmental le tlhophiso ea setheo ho latela lintlha that was promulgated in 1992. The tsa bohlokoa tse amanang le ts’ebeliso change and coincided with the Commission for Lands (COLA) ea