Cerros de Trincheras in the Arizona Papagueria Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Stacy, Valeria Kay Pheriba, 1940- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 14:38:01 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565310 CERROS DE TRINCHERAS IN THE ARIZONA PAPAGUERIA by Valeria Kay Pheriba Stacy A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY . In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 4 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction b y _______Valeria Kay Pheriba Stacv________________ , entitled Cerros de Trincheras in the Arizona Papagueria_____ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of _____________Doctor of Philosophy___________________ / 3 /9 7^ y ' ' Dissertation Director / Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and_%ecommend its acceptance:* This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrow­ ers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: 7 I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was possible because the Papago Tribe of Arizona graciously granted permission for mapping the hill sites and for record­ ing data about them. Mr. Addison F. Smith, Director, Department of Mines and Natural Resources, the Papago Tribe, was instrumental in helping me contact the appropriate officials to obtain a permit for work on the Sells Papago Indian Reservation. Dr. Emil W. Haury was most encouraging in my attempt to de­ termine what activities were performed on the hills. I am grateful to him for his thoughtful and capable guidance throughout the project. Drs. T. Patrick Culbert and William J. Robinson, the other members of the dissertation committee, have given careful consideration to the writ­ ten product and have offered good advice throughout the study. Deep ap­ preciation is expressed to those people from The University of Arizona who aided me in the field, all capable, but unpaid. Kay and Steve Adams, Mary Morehead, Bill Palm, and Jane Rosenthal were consistently in the field during the initial survey and later during the more intensive recording of data. Other students from The University of Arizona who frequently accompanied us were Tracy Andrews, Hayward Franklin, T. J. Ferguson, Annique George, Pat Gilman, Mike Jacobs, Yvonne Stewart , and Catherine Ungar. The aerial photographs would not have been possible without the donation of time and expertise by Jim Mount and Don Wood, iii iv photographers, and by Jack Moore, Bureau of Indian Affairs, pilot. Frank Gay nor and John George spent long hours in the darkroom to produce il­ lustrations for the text. Drafting of field sketches and other maps was expertly done by John George, Jane Rosenthal, Marc Severson, and Charles Sternberg, all from The University of Arizona. Assistance with special problems in map­ ping some of the sites was provided by Steve Adams and Steve Kowalew- ski, two of my fellow students at The University of Arizona. Suggestions for the methodology were offered by Dr. Thomas Bowen, California State College at Fresno, Dr. T. Patrick Culbert, Dr. Bernard L. Fontana, Dr. Thomas Hinton, Steve Larson, Tom Naylor, and Dr. William J. Robinson, The University of Arizona, Julian and Helen Hayden, Tucson, Arizona, and Dr. Alfred E. Johnson, University of K an sas. Long informal discussions with my fellow students in the De­ partment of Anthropology at The University of Arizona have contributed to the study. Bill Palm, Yvonne Stewart, Catherine Ungar, and Richard White have all been helpful. Special thanks is expressed to Sharon Urban, Arizona State Museum, for her interest in the project and her help with research in the Museum's survey files. TABLE OF CONTENTS P age LIST OF TABLES....................................................................... x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................... xii ABSTRACT..............................................................................'...........................x iii 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. ' 1 2. PREVIOUS RESEARCH.......................................................... 4 Descriptive Accounts of Cerros de Trincheras Ignaz Pfefferkorn 1756 to 1767 ................... Frank Russell 1849 to 1850 ......................... LO CO W. J. McGee 1894 to 1895 ......................... Carl Lumholtz 1909 to 1 9 1 0 ..................................................... 11 Ellsworth Huntington 1914........................................................ 14 Lorenzo D. Walters 1926 ........................................................ 17 J. W . Hoover 1935 ..................................................................... 18 Statem ents about U se of S i t e s ......................................... 19 Descriptions of Features within S ite s ............................... 20 Previous Archaeological Research .................................................. 20 Sites in Sonora, Mexico ........................................................... 22 Surveys of the River V a l le y s ......................................... 22 Excavation of the La Playa S ite .................................. 24 Coastal, Desert, and Riverine Survey ...................... 25 Sites in Arizona ................................................. 27 Excavation of the Martinez Hill Site . ...................... 28 Hoover's Discussion of Papaguerian C erros de T rin ch eras..................................................... 29 Excavation of the Ash H ill S ite ...................................... 30 Farmer's Typology for Defensive System s................ 30 The Black M ountain S i t e ........................................ 31 Excavation of a Fortified M e sa ...................................... 31 M apping of the Tumamoc H ill Site ................................. 31 Survey North of the Gila and Salt Rivers................... 32 Sites in Chihuahua, M exico .................................................. 33 3. METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 37 Statement of the Problem ........................ 37 M ethods of A p p ro a ch ........................................................................... 40 The Settlement Pattern Framework......................................... 40 The C ultural-E cological A pproach................................ 40 v v i TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued P ag e The D irect H isto rical A pproach...................................... 42 Determ ining A ctivities on H i l l s ................................... 43 4 . NATURAL SETTING OF THE BABOQUIVARI VALLEY................................ 47 The Papagueria ....................................................................................... 49 The Sonoran D e s e r t .............................................................................. 50 The Arizona U p la n d .............................................................................. 50 Streamways ..................................................................................... 51 Plains and Lower B ajadas ........................................................ 52 U pper B a ja d a s ..................................................................... 52 Hills and Mountain Slopes ..................................................... 53 Rainfall, Subsistence, and Settlement in the Papagueria . 53 5. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE BABOQUIVARI VALLEY................ 55 Nineteenth-century Subsistence and Settlement . ................... 55 S u b sisten ce P attern in the C entral Z o n e ............................ 56 Resource Distribution and Seasonality ............................... 57 Gathering Locations and Seasonality ........................ 71 V alley-floor Field V i l la g e s ............................................ 74 Bajada Well V illages ................................................. 76 Temporary Cam psites ........................................................ 78 Social Patterning of Settlement............................................... 80 Komelik