The Assessment and Management of Marine Archaeology in Port and Harbour Development ­ wessex archaeology ­ Copyright Historic England 2016. Marcus Pearson (London Gateway Port Back cover image credits All rights reserved. Ltd.) and Andy Ramsbottom (Poole Top: A lithograph or print from the Harbour Commissioners) and Padstow Harbour Association showing Prepared by archaeological consultants Gill Andrews the remains of the Whiting in relation Wessex Archaeology (Gill Andrews Consultant Archaeologist) to Stepper Point (reproduced with kind Portway House, Old Sarum Park, and Dr Antony Firth (Fjordr Ltd.). permission of Padstow Museum) Salisbury SP4 6EB Wessex Archaeology would like to www.wessexarch.co.uk thank Historic England for their support Bottom: A print of the Royal George throughout the project, in particular (http://userweb.port.ac.uk/~fontanad/ Prepared for Christopher Pater, Rozy Szymanski, maryrose/) Historic England Allan Brodie and David Grech. Thanks Room 3/60 The Engine House, also go to all individuals and Fire Fly Avenue, Swindon SN2 2EH organisations that attended the Suggested citation consultation seminar held on board V. Cooper and T. Gane, 2016, HMS Belfast on 17 June 2014. The Assessment and Management of Acknowledgements The guidance document was Marine Archaeology in Port and This guidance was produced by Wessex designed and typeset by Kenneth Lymer Harbour Development, Wessex Archaeology and funded by English (Wessex Archaeology). Archaeology, Salisbury Heritage (now Historic England) as part of the National Heritage Protection Commissions Programme. Front cover image credits The document was written and Left: Dover Harbour. Copyright Historic compiled by Victoria Cooper and Toby England (http://www.britainfromabove. Gane with contributions by Dr Louise org.uk/image/epw000595) Tizzard, Patrick Dresch and Dr John Russell. The document was edited by Dr Centre: Padstow Harbour. Copyright Dan Atkinson, Diana Donohue and Franzfoto (used with permission under Euan McNeill. The Project Assurance the Creative Commons Attribution- Officer for Historic England was Helen Share Alike 3.0, 2.5, 2.0 and 1.0 licenses) Keeley. The project was managed by Toby Gane and Gemma Ingason Right: Folkestone Harbour. Copyright provided support. Historic England The draft document was reviewed (http://www.britainfromabove. and edited by industry consultants org.uk/image/epw000149) ii THE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................iv Summary and Key Messages.....................................................................................v 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................1 2. The Historic Environment .....................................................................................3 3. Conservation Principles and the Significance of Heritage Assets......................7 4. The Regulatory Framework................................................................................11 4.1. Legislation ....................................................................................................11 4.2. Planning Policy.............................................................................................11 4.3. Environmental Impact Assessment .............................................................12 5. Establishing a Baseline........................................................................................14 5.2. Desk-based Assessment ...............................................................................15 5.3. Geophysical Survey ......................................................................................20 5.4. Geoarchaeology ...........................................................................................24 5.5. Ground-truthing ..........................................................................................26 5.6. Reporting......................................................................................................29 6. Identifying Effects ...............................................................................................32 7. Mitigating Effects and Managing Risk ..............................................................35 7.1. Conditions of Consent and the Written Scheme of Investigation ...........35 7.2. Avoiding Effects (preservation in situ) .......................................................36 7.3. Offsetting Effects.........................................................................................38 7.4. Reducing Effects...........................................................................................41 7.5. Reporting Protocols .....................................................................................43 7.6. Education, Outreach and Public Benefit ....................................................45 8. Conclusion ...........................................................................................................46 9. Bibliography and Further Reading ....................................................................47 Appendices Appendix I. Historic Environment and Other Relevant Legislation.....................50 Appendix II. Stages of Geoarchaeological Investigation......................................52 Appendix III. Indicative Recording Levels for Heritage Assets in the Marine Environment...........................................................................................53 Appendix IV. Consultees Involved in the Formulation of Ports and Harbours Guidance .............................................................................................54 THE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY iii List of Abbreviations AEZ – Archaeological Exclusion Zone MPS – Marine Policy Statement BMAPA – British Marine Aggregates Producers NPPF – National Planning Policy Framework Association NPS – National Policy Statement (for Ports) BP – Before Present NRHE – National Record of the Historic DCO – Development Consent Order Environment dGPS – Differential Global Positioning System NSIP – Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment PLA – Port of London Authority EU – European Union OASIS – Online AccesS to the Index of GIS – Geographic Information System archaeological investigationS HER – Historic Environment Record ROV – Remote Operated Vehicle HSC – Historic Seascape Characterisation SMR – Sites and Monuments Record HSE – Health and Safety Executive UKHO – United Kingdom Hydrographic Office CIfA – Chartered Institute for Archaeologists USAAF – United States Army Air Force JNAPC – Joint Nautical Archaeology Policy UXO – Unexploded Ordnance Committee WSI – Written Scheme of Investigation LPA – Local Planning Authority MMO – Marine Management Organisation iv THE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY Summary and Key Messages Port and Harbour developments within intertidal • The need for advice is prompted by and marine environments have the potential to inconsistency in approach to the historic impact a wide range of heritage assets that hold environment within ports and harbours value for this and future generations. This risk to coupled with the current national the historic environment can be managed requirements for substantial additional port through the processes of environmental capacity and the resulting increasing pace of assessment: through identifying and assessing port and harbour development and potential impacts and through the adoption of enhancement programmes; appropriate mitigation strategies to minimise risk, • This advice is relevant to regulatory preserve assets in situ or to record assets before authorities, curators, developers, port they are lost. authorities and harbour commissioners, This document provides practical advice on contractors, archaeological consultants/ assessing the impact of port and harbour contractors and other stakeholders; development in England upon the intertidal and • The advice addresses only those aspects of a marine historic environment. The information development or redevelopment that fall presented here is relevant to port and harbour within marine and intertidal areas only and owners, operators, developers and contractors, consideration of the development of port regulatory authorities, curators, archaeological and harbour facilities above high water is consultants/contractors and other stakeholders. not included. The document does not address elements of the historic environment located above high water. Neither does the document address the 2. The Historic Environment effect that routine port operations or activities covered under existing Harbour Orders may have • Many ports and harbours in use today have a upon heritage assets. Rather the document long history of use, often extending back into focuses specifically upon the environmental prehistory, which has left evidence in place assessments required for new development below the high water mark and which may projects only, including applications for new inform gaps in knowledge of our nations’ Harbour Revision or Empowerment Orders. maritime past; Overall, the aim of this document is to provide • The range of potential heritage assets good practice advice for any organisation or encompassed within the intertidal and individual involved in the planning and marine historic environment comprise sites, development