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Request reprint permission for this book. i ined, a he original t be ret Biographical Memoirs ion. om r f ibut r t cannot not r at o f book, however, version ng, i t at ive NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES at rm riginal paper it o f c hor i f he o t om r he aut f ng-speci http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6201.html Biographical MemoirsV.74 as t ed i t ion peset y iles creat L f her t M is publicat h X t of om and ot r f yles, version posed Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. print e recom h heading st t use has been ease l P word breaks, work ed. hs, insert original e h ally t line lengt ion of at accident he original; t o been ue t l represent r a y have a are t m is new digit errors breaks h T age ile: P f F pographic iles. D y f P t e ng is i t h t som peset bout y and t A ii ined, a NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS he original The National Academy Press was created by the National Academy of t be ret ion. om Sciences to publish the reports issued by the Academy and by the National r f ibut Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research r t cannot not Council, all operating under the charter granted to the National Academy of r at o Sciences by the Congress of the United States. f book, however, version ng, i t at ive at rm riginal paper it o f c hor i f he o t om r he aut f ng-speci http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6201.html Biographical MemoirsV.74 as t ed i t ion peset y iles creat L f her t M is publicat h X t of om and ot r f yles, version posed Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. print e recom h heading st t use has been ease l P word breaks, work ed. hs, insert original e h ally t line lengt ion of at accident he original; t o been ue t l represent r a y have a are t m is new digit errors breaks h T age ile: P f F pographic iles. D y f P t e ng is i t h t som peset bout y and t A iii ined, a he original t be ret ion. om r f Biographical Memoirs: ibut r t cannot not r at o f book, Volume 74 however, version ng, i t at ive at rm riginal paper it o f c hor i f he o t om r he aut f ng-speci http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6201.html Biographical MemoirsV.74 as t ed i t ion peset y National Academy of Sciences iles creat L f her t of the United States of America M is publicat h X t of om and ot r f yles, version posed Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. print e recom h heading st t use has been ease l P word breaks, work ed. hs, insert original e h ally t line lengt ion of at accident he original; t o been ue t l represent r a y have a are t m is new digit errors breaks h T age ile: P f F pographic iles. D y f P t e ng is i t h t NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS som peset bout y WASHINGTON, D.C. 1998 and t A iv ined, a The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Congress as a private, non- profit, self-governing membership corporation for the furtherance of science and technology, he original t be ret required to advise the federal government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its ion. om corporate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in 1916, the National r f Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of Medicine in 1970. ibut r t cannot not INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER 0-309-06086-9 r at o INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER 0077-2933 f book, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 5-26629 Available from however, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS version ng, i t 2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.W. at ive WASHINGTON, D.C. 20418 at rm riginal paper it o f PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA c hor i f he o t om r he aut f ng-speci http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6201.html Biographical MemoirsV.74 as t ed i t ion peset y iles creat L f her t M is publicat h X t of om and ot r f yles, version posed Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. print e recom h heading st t use has been ease l P word breaks, work ed. hs, insert original e h ally t line lengt ion of at accident he original; t o been ue t l represent r a y have a are t m is new digit errors breaks h T age ile: P f F pographic iles. D y f P t e ng is i t h t som peset bout y and t A Biographical Memoirs V.74 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6201.html CONTENTS v Contents riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. Preface vii fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, Albert Francis Birch 3 By Thomas J. Ahrens Gregory Breit 27 By Mcallister Hull Warren Lee Butler 59 By Andrew A. Benson George Brownlee Craig, Jr. 77 By Eddie W. Cupp Scott Ellsworth Forbush 93 By James A. Van Allen Ross Gunn 111 By Philip H. Abelson David Harker 127 By Herbert A. Hauptman Yandell Henderson 145 By John B. West About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.74 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6201.html CONTENTS vi James Lynn Hoard 161 By Robert E. Hughes Joseph Kaplan 179 By William W. Kellogg And Charles A. Barth Stephen W. Kuffler 193 By John G. Nicholls riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. Anton Lang 211 fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, By Hans Kende And Jan A. D. Zeevaart Samuel Colville Lind 227 By Keith J. Laidler Alfred Otto Carl Nier 245 By John H. Reynolds Clair Cameron Patterson 267 By George R. Tilton Berta V. Scharrer 289 By Dominick P. Purpura Frederick Emmons Terman 309 By O. G. Villard, Jr. Victor Chandler Twitty 333 By Norman K. Wessells Frits Warmolt Went 349 By Arthur W. Galston And Thomas D. Sharkey Eugene Paul Wigner 365 By Frederick Seitz, Erich Vogt, And Alvin M. Weinberg About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.74 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6201.html PREFACE vii Preface On March 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Incorporation that riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. brought the National Academy of Sciences into being. In accordance with that fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, original charter, the Academy is a private, honorary organization of scientists, elected for outstanding contributions to knowledge, who can be called upon to advise the federal government. As an institution the Academy's goal is to work toward increasing scientific knowledge and to further the use of that knowledge for the general good.