AN ANALYSIS OF CANADIAN EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE TO THE COMMONWEALTH CARIBBEAN LEEWARD AND WINDWARD ISLANDS, 1960-1970 by Mavis E. Burke Thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Ottawa as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy o* % BiBiioTHjijuEs Rfrn\ "'&&' Ottawa, LIBRARIES (C) Mavis E. Burke, Ottawa, Canada, 1975 UMI Number: DC53932 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53932 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researcher wishes to thank Dr. Mary Mulcahy, Chairman of the Department of Educational Foundations, University of Ottawa, for her unfailing support and encouragement in the preparation of this thesis. The project could not have been completed without the cooperation of officials representing the sources of development assistance included in this study. A special debt of gratitude is due to Mr. W.A. Teager, Director of the Overseas Book Centre,and his staff, for permission to make the fullest use of OBC material for purposes of this research. The assistance of Dr. Gerald Nason, formerly of Professional Development Associates, has been invaluable, as has that provided by Mrs. Gladys Rutherford, formerly Administrative Assistant with the Canadian Teachers' Federation,and Miss Helen Sissons who served in the Caribbean with CTF»s Project Overseas. Mrs. Carolyn Hibberd of the Canadian Council for International Co-operation has generously provided research facilities. Caribbean educators and government officials have over the years provided the information and insight necessary for research in the field of development assistance and the researcher owes them all a special debt of gratitude. CURRICULUM STUDIORUM Mavis E. Burke was born in Caimanera, Cuba on September 10, 1928. She received the Bachelor of Arts Degree from the University College of The West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica in 1958, (B.A. Lond.-U.C.W.I.), the Diploma in Education from the University College of The West Indies in 1962, and a Master of Arts Degree from the University of London, England, in 1965 (M.A. Education). TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter page INTRODUCTION xi I.- CANADA-COMMONWEALTH CARIBBEAN: BACKGROUND TO THE AID RELATIONSHIP 1 1. Origins and Extensions of Canadian Interest in the area 2 2. Development of Canadian External Aid Policy re the Caribbean 9 3. Canadian Government External Aid Procedures 22 4. The Special Case for External Aid to The Leewards and Windwards 34 5. Review of the Aid Relationship 45 II.- CANADIAN GOVERNMENT BILATERAL AID TO EDUCATION IN THE LEEWARD AND WINDWARD ISLANDS 55 1. Capital Assistance 55 2. Technical Assistance - Personnel 88 3. Technical Assistance - Training Awards 113 4. Summary 134 III.- CANADIAN NON-GOVERNMENTAL EDUCATIONAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE LEEWARD AND WINDWARD ISLANDS 136 1. Personnel 138 2. Educational Materials - Books 165 3. School Supplies and Equipment 191 4. Sponsorship of Educational Services and Activities 198 5. Summary 213 IV.- EDUCATIONAL AID PRIORITIES: LEEWARD AND WINDWARD ISLANDS 215 1. Educational Needs - Diagnosis and Prescription 218 2. Requests and Response as Guides to Educational Aid Priorities 253 3. Summary 282 TABLE OF CONTENTS v Chapter page V.- A PERSPECTIVE ON CANADIAN EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE: LEEWARD AND WINDWARD ISLANDS, 1960-1970 283 1. Building Construction as a Form of Educational Assistance 288 2. Provision of Canadian Educational Personnel 301 3. Educational Assistance as Donor Competition 313 4. An Integrated Approach to Educational Assistance 318 5* Request and Response as Measure of Effectiveness In Planning of Educational Assistance 323 6. A New Perspective on External Educational Assistance 327 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 332 BIBLIOGRAPHY 338 Appendix 1. CANADA: RELATIVE BILATERAL AID AND TRADE POSITIONS, 1971 360 2. COMMONWEALTH CARIBBEAN ASSISTANCE PROGRAM EXPENDITURE ON STUDIES, SURVEYS, ETC. 1958-70 361 3. CUSO PERSONNEL - LEEWARD AND WINDWARD ISLANDS DETAILS OF 1969, 1970 ASSIGNMENTS 362 4. CANADIAN GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL 363 5. AID DONOR PROVISION OF SCHOOL PLACES IN THE LEEWARDS & WINDWARDS 1966-70 364 6. CANADIAN MAPLE LEAF SCHOOL ANNOUNCEMENT 365 7. ABSTRACT OF An Analysis of Canadian Educational Assistance to the Commonwealth Caribbean Leeward and Windward Islands 1960 to 1970 366 LIST OF TABLES Table page I.- Canadian Government Capital Project Expenditure Commonwealth Caribbean 1958-64 ••••• 8 II.- Commonwealth Caribbean Assistance Program Expenditures* •••••••••••••••••••• 10 III.- Canadian Government Aid Allocations to the Commonwealth Caribbean 1958-1970 13 IV.- Commonwealth Caribbean Assistance Program Cabinet Allocations 1958-1971 19 V.- Commonwealth Caribbean Assistance Program Disbursements: Sectoral Distribution - 1958-68. ... 20 VI.- Canada-Leeward and Windward Island Trade Statistics 1966-70 44 VII.- Canadian Education Sector Allocations Leeward and Windward Islands 1958-70. •••••••• 57 VIII.- Maple Leaf Schools - St. Lucia 1970-1973 Accommodation Schedule • 77 IX.- Technical Assistance - Canadian Government Education Assignments, Leeward and Windward Islands 1965-1971 90 X.- Canadian Government Education Sector Assignments Antigua/St. Vincent 1965-1971 93 XI.- Antigua: Technical Assistance Position 1963-1966. ... 96 XII.- Canadian Principals of Leeward and Windward Island Educational Institutions 1969-70 101 XIII.- CCAP Training Awards: Leeward and Windward Islands 1965-1971 119 XIV.- Students and Trainees Arriving in Canada Under Commonwealth Caribbean Aid Program 1964-1966 121 XV.- CCAP - Study Awards to St. Vincent 1963-1971 125 LIST OF TABLES vii Table page XVI.- CCAP Awards to the University of the West Indies 1966-1970 129 XVII.- U.W.I. Diploma in Education Students Leeward and Windward Islands 1953-1966 130 XVIII.- CCAP Expenditure - Training Awards Leeward and Windward Islands 1965-1970 132 XIX.- CUSO Personnel: Leeward and Windward Islands 1963-1969 140 XX.- Canadian Catholic Personnel: Leewards and Windwards 1970 . 163 XXI.- Overseas Book Centre: Leeward and Windward Islands Shipments 1963 to 1970 169 XXII.- OBC Statement - Amount on Consignment of Shipments 1971-1972 170 XXIII.- Canadian Save The Children Fund Programs in the Windward Islands 1970 200 XXIV.- Educational Attainment 1960: Population 15 years and Over • • 221 XXV.- Educational Statistics: Leeward and Windward Islands 1966 .224 XXVI.- Summary of Capital Costs of Educational Expansion Proposed In The Five Year Development Plans 1966 Through 1970 232 XXVII.- Summary of Position Re Trained Teachers In Leeward and Windward Islands 1966 234 XXVIII.- Summary of Education Expenditure Estimates for Leeward and Windward Islands in Tripartite Survey Report • 252 LIST OF TABLES viii Table page XXIX.- Education Sector: Capital Assistance Requests 255 XXX.- Canadian Capital Assistance - Water Sector: Leeward and Windward Islands 1958-1970 279 ABBREVIATIONS BDD British Development Division CANSAVE Canadian Save The Children Fund CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CCAP Commonwealth Caribbean Assistance Program CCIC Canadian Council for International Co-operation CEO Chief Education Officer CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIIA Canadian Institute of International Affairs CNE Canadian National Exhibition CSCF Canadian Save the Children Fund CTF Canadian Teachers' Federation CUSO Canadian University Service Overseas CVCS Canadian Voluntary Commonwealth Service EAO External Aid Office EO Education Officer GUT Grenada Union of Teachers GNP Gross National Product HMSO Her Majesty's Stationery Office IDOC International Documentation on the Contemporary Church IEY International Education Year ILO International Labour Office IODE Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire MAWD Manitoba Association for World Development ABBREVIATIONS x OBC Overseas Book Centre ODM Ministry of Overseas Development OIC Overseas Institute of Canada PDA Professional Development Associates PS Permanent Secretary RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force RDA Regional Development Agency SAID Student Action for International Dialogue SVTU St. Vincent Teachers' Union TES Tripartite Economic Survey UCWI University College of the West Indies UNDP United Nations Development Program UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations International Children*s Emergency Fund UWI University of the West Indies VSO Voluntary Service Overseas W.I. West Indies INTRODUCTION The problem which this thesis examines is the extent to which the policies, procedures and performance of Canadian external aid to education contributed to the educational development plans and requirements of the area selected, in the period under review, i960 to 1970. Development assistance assumed a sharper focus with the declaration of the Second United Nations Development Decade. The appraisal studies