Marie Huber Developing Heritage – Developing Countries Africa in Global History Edited by Joël Glasman, Omar Gueye, Alexander Keese and Christine Whyte Advisory Board: Joe Alie, Felicitas Becker, William Gervase Clarence-Smith, Lynda Day, Scholastique Diazinga, Andreas Eckert, Babacar Fall, Toyin Falola, Matt Graham, Emma Hunter, Erin Jessee, Isabella Kentridge, Colleen Kriger, Kristin Mann, Patrick Manning, Conceição Neto, Vanessa S. Oliveira, Lorelle Semley, Ibrahim Sundiata Volume 1 Marie Huber Developing Heritage – Developing Countries Ethiopian Nation-Building and the Origins of UNESCO World Heritage, 1960–1980 Published with the kind support of the Gerda Henkel Foundation, Düsseldorf. The publication of this work was supported by the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. ISBN: 978-3-11-068023-2 eBook ISBN (PDF): 978-3-11-068101-7 eBook ISBN (EPUB): 978-3-11-068109-3 ISSN 2628-1767 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681017 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Library of Congress Control Number: 2020914717 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Marie Huber, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover image: Pavilion of Ethiopia at Expo ’67 © Benjamin News, 1967. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Acknowledgements My name is on the cover of this book;itprobablytook me about as long as Ire- quired to finish it in order to alsobelieveinmyauthorship. Celebrating one’s achievements – Ihavelearned – is just as much apart of professional growth as being open to reflection and criticism, or staying humble. This book being the revised version of my dissertation manuscript,the journey of its creation was long,took place against some odds, and through and through was interwo- venwith my privatelife. It is important to me to write this at the very beginning of my book, to contributetoamore honest,healthy and equal work environment in the academic field – one whereexcellence is measured as rigorouslyand as objectivelyaspossible, while at the same time acknowledging that research is conducted and written down by humans in varied life circumstances, which is abeautiful and important fact,and the onlyway to bring forward the questions that matter. In conclusion of my eight-year journey of preparing, researching,writing and revisingfor this book, being now able to write down the names of thosewho supported me throughout is easilythe single most moving and rewarding mo- ment of it.Iwant to start with thanking Sandrine Kott,who encouraged me when Imost needed it,and who convinced me to pursue this project.Likewise, Iwant to thank Andreas Eckert,who gave me and my ideas an academic homeat the Humboldt University in Berlin and helped me steer the project through some stormywaters.Aspecial thank youalsogoes to Kiran Patel, who took the time – over his Christmas break nonetheless – to provide in-depth comments on and guidance for my first ever researchproposal, helping me to bring it up to acom- petitive standard. Alexander Keese and HeikeWieters have mentored me on my career path with the kindness and the insights of senior colleagues thatIbelieve are trulyindispensable for anyjunior scholar.Iwant to thank BazLecoq, who allowed me to createcourses out of my research work, and my studentsfor a teachingexperience that was trulyfruitful to my research. Findingcolleagues to discuss life, research and everythingin-between meant alot to me: Camille Louise Pellerin, ClaraRellensmann, Alexander Meckelburg,Dirk Bustorf, Ste- phanieLämmert,KerstinStubenvoll,Laetitia Lenel, Dörte Lerp, Samuel Coghe, Sarah Bellows-Blakely, Daniel Tödt,Marcia Schenk, Christoph Kalter, Peter Lambertz and LennartBollliger.Iconsider myself lucky to know and have worked alongsideyou. Of all the conferences and workshops Iattended in relation to my research, two stand out in particular,one on the “Global History of Development” (2017), organised by Iris Borowy at Shanghai University,and one on “Heritageona OpenAccess. ©2021Marie Huber, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution 4.0 International. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681017-001 VI Acknowledgements Global Scale” (2017) organised by Andrea Rehling at the Institute of European History in Mainz. Both times,the discussions helped maturethe ideas Ipresented in achapter.Tocompose researchinsights into good quality academic writing is often arather solitary,time-consumingundertaking.However,the final version of this book is also the work of helpful editors and commenters, especiallyMat- thias Huber,Christine Whyteand Jan-David Miemitz. Ialso would like to thank all editors of the “Africa in Global History” series and the staff at De Gruyter,es- pecially Rabea Rittgerodtand Jana Fritsche for their trust and support,and for making my research work apart of this cutting-edge,exciting new series. Icould not have wished for abetter place to publish my first book. The decision to investigate the Ethiopian case came about after the project had alreadybeen in development for about two years. Withoutthe generous and uncomplicated funding of the Gerda-Henkel-Foundation, Icould have never followed through with this vision. During my two weeks as avisitingschol- ar at the Hiob Ludolf Centre for EthiopianStudies at the Universität Hamburg, Iwas warmlywelcomed into the community of EthiopianStudies, afirst and im- portant steptowards understandingEthiopia past and present,toadegree ade- quate enough to produce acredible case study. Aspecial thanks goes towards Andreas Wetter and his Amharicclasses. The largerpart of the research was con- ducted abroad,and Iamvery grateful for the archivesand institutions which hosted me. The staff of the UNESCO archivesdivision in Paris, in particular Adele Torrance, provided much help and insights, as did the conversation with Mechthild Rössler,director of the World Heritage Center.Iappreciate very much the time she made in her busy schedule to talk to ayoung and inexper- ienced scholar.Without the support of the Centre françaisdes études éthiopi- enne in Addis Ababa, Idoubtmytime in Ethiopia would have been nearlyas productive and meaningful. Iwant to thank the staff and the other visiting schol- ars for practical support,great discussions and wonderful company: David Am- brosetti, Guillaume Blanc, Jean-RenaudBoisserie and MarcodiNunzio. While in Ethiopia,Benno Boer of the UNESCO regional office generouslyshared his time and resources to support my project and enabled an invaluable insight into UN- ESCO’swork to me. On the more practical side, Ihavethe école élémentaire Leo- nardo Da Vinci in Fontainebleauand the German Embassy School in Addis Ababatothankfor hosting my daughter duringmyresearch stays.Ialso want to thank Michael Mammo, who organised all my domestic travel in Ethiopia, and who became adear friend, and Mekonnen, our trusted driverinAddis Ababa, without whom Icould not have navigatedthe school hours and afull- time research workload. Friends and family come last, but of course not least.Eirik Høyer Leivestad was aworthyintellectual sparring partnerinpreparation for my defense. My pa- Acknowledgements VII rents have been relentless supporters,morally, financially, practically – having this kind of acknowledgment in your life is invaluable. Providingmychildren with arole model and abreadwinner has been among the strongest,most resil- ient motivations for my work, but they also brought me joy when thingsdidn’tgo as plannedand have kept me on my toes and made sure Itook required time off. No words can adequately caption the role my husband had in my success, but Iwilltry anyway:mymost ardent supporter,editor,cook, comforter,critic, cheer- leader and coach – my achievements would not have been possible if it wasn’t for your companionship at every step of the way. Contents List of Abbreviations XIII Introduction 1 Destination Ethiopia: Heritagesites fortourism development 21 Tourism planning in Ethiopia 21 UN-sponsored tourism planning for developing countries in the 1960s 24 Surveying Ethiopia’snatural and cultural heritage 26 Doing cultural tourism in Ethiopia 35 Turning the heritagesites intodestinations 39 Consultingand the tourist gaze: UNESCO’scultural tourism development projects 43 Tourism as vehicle of heritage-making 52 Heritageasimageofthe nation 56 Establishing images of Ethiopian exceptionalism during the 1960s and 1970s 56 The foreign imageofEthiopia 63 Expatriatehobby-archaeologists 67 Historicising the national territory 73 Heritageand the claim to Greater Ethiopia 78 Heritageand territorial conflicts in the Horn of Africa 82 Monopolising heritage-making through cultural assimilation 86 Building up Ethiopian heritageinstitutions 94 Western Ethiopian Studies and the rise of academic andstate historiography in Ethiopia 94 Establishing cultural andnatural governanceinEthiopia through heritageinstitutions 98 Foreign research interests and the creation of Ethiopian heritage institutions 104 The compound effect of UNESCO’sinvolvement 106 The “boom years”–making Ethiopian heritageWorld Heritage 113 X Contents World Heritageand Ethiopian local realities 119 Aglimpse into the role of locals forresearch and