The International Journal of Conservation www.oryxthejournal.org Volume 44 · Number 1 January 2010 Oryx 1 Do we need to develop a more relevant conservation 97 Evaluating mortality sources for the Vulnerable pudu literature? E.J. Milner-Gulland, Martin Fisher, Pudu puda in Chile: implications for the conservation of a Stephen Browne, Kent H. Redford, Marjorie Spencer threatened deer, Eduardo A. Silva-Rodríguez, Claudio and William J. Sutherland Verdugo, O. Alejandro Aleuy, James G. Sanderson, Gabriel R. 3 Briefly Ortega-Solís, Felipe Osorio-Zúñiga and Daniel 44 · 1 Number · Volume January 2010 1-152 · pp. www.oryxthejournal.org 13 Conservation news González-Acuña 16 Letters 104 Density of the Near Threatened jaguar Panthera onca Published for Fauna & Flora International January 2010 · Volume 44 · Number 1 in the caatinga of north-eastern Brazil, Leandro Silveira, Invasive species and conservation Anah T.A. Jácomo, Samuel Astete, Rahel Sollmann, 20 The eradication of feral cats from Ascension Island Natália M. Tôrres, Mariana M. Furtado and Jader and its subsequent recolonization by seabirds, Norman Marinho-Filho Ratcliffe, Mike Bell, Tara Pelembe, Dave Boyle, Raymond 110 Short Communication The Near Threatened Tucumán Conserving wild fish Benjamin, Richard White, Brendan Godley, Jim Stevenson parrot Amazona tucumana in Bolivia: insights for a A sea of market-based efforts and Sarah Sanders global assessment, Luis Rivera, Raul Rojas Llanos, 30 Eradication of black rats Rattus rattus from Anacapa Natalia Politi, Bennett Hennessey and Enrique H. Bucher Invasive species and conservation Island, Gregg Howald, C. Josh Donlan, Kate R. Faulkner, 114 Short Communication Endemic Ecuadorian glassfrog Cats, rats and ferrets Steve Ortega, Holly Gellerman, Donald A. Croll and Cochranella mache is Critically Endangered because of Bernie R. Tershy habitat loss, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Jesse Delia, Mario Fiji 41 Short Communication A new invasive species in the H. Yánez-Muñoz and H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade Priority Forests for Conservation Canary Islands: a naturalized population of ferrets 118 Sacred sites as hotspots for biodiversity: the Three Sisters Mustela furo in La Palma Biosphere Reserve, Félix M. Cave complex in coastal Kenya, Kristian Metcalfe, Richard The 2004 tsunami Medina and Aurelio Martín Ffrench-Constant and Ian Gordon Impact on the Nicobar megapode 124 Survey of Raphia swamp forest, Republic of Congo, 45 Conserving wild fish in a sea of market-based efforts, indicates high densities of Critically Endangered Recovery of the giant otter Jennifer Jacquet, John Hocevar, Sherman Lai, Patricia western lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Hugo J. A success story for CITES Majluf, Nathan Pelletier, Tony Pitcher, Enric Sala, Rashid Rainey, Fortuné C. Iyenguet, Guy-Aimé F. Malanda, Bola Sumaila and Daniel Pauly Madzoké, Domingos Dos Santos, Emma J. Stokes, Fiona Sacred sites as hotspots 57 Priority Forests for Conservation in Fiji: landscapes, Maisels and Samantha Strindberg Three Sisters Cave complex in Kenya hotspots and ecological processes, David Olson, Linda 133 Decline of the Endangered Barbary macaque Macaca Farley, Alex Patrick, Dick Watling, Marika Tuiwawa, sylvanus in the cedar forest of the Middle Atlas Reducing human–elephant conflict Vilikesa Masibalavu, Lemeki Lenoa, Alivereti Bogiva, Mountains, Morocco, Els van Lavieren and Serge A. Wich Do chillies help? Ingrid Qauqau, James Atherton, Akanisi Caginitoba, 139 Reducing human–elephant conflict: do chillies help deter Moala Tokota’a, Sunil Prasad, Waisea Naisilisili, Alipate elephants from entering crop fields? Simon Hedges and Raikabula, Kinikoto Mailautoka, Craig Morley and Thomas Donny Gunaryadi Allnutt 147 Peat swamp forest supports high primate densities on 71 Impact of the 2004 tsunami on the Vulnerable Nicobar Siberut Island, Sumatra, Indonesia, Marcel C. Quinten, megapode Megapodius nicobariensis, K. Sivakumar Matthias Waltert, Fauzan Syamsuri and J. Keith Hodges 79 Short Communication Mapping terrestrial anthropogenic degradation on the inhabited islands of the Galapagos 152 Meetings Archipelago, James Watson, Mandy Trueman, Marta Tufet, Scott Henderson and Rachel Atkinson Cover Fish consumption is rising and conservation groups 83 Recovery of the Endangered giant otter Pteronura have put considerable effort into educating consumers and brasiliensis on the Yavarí-Mirín and Yavarí Rivers: a changing consumption patterns, including use of labels such success story for CITES, Maribel Recharte Uscamaita as ‘dolphin-safe’ tuna. To reduce overfishing and encourage and Richard Bodmer sustainable fishing practices new market-based tools are 89 Hunting and the conservation of a social ungulate: now being used. However, consumer confusion and lack of the white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari in Calakmul, traceability and demonstrably improved conservation status Mexico, Rafael Reyna-Hurtado, Eduardo Naranjo, Colin may be impeding further progress. For further details see A. Chapman and George W. Tanner pages 45–56. (Photograph © B.S.P.I./Corbis). Supported by !"#$%&'()*+$, -*(%)+.&/*()0&1*(2&3$4452676/$% 1(*$,.,&67%&(.8$*&+(7.*(44$%&,()*+$, 33391,+9(*/&&&:$*.&7(9&;;5:<:5==>?@A B&CAA@&D(*$,.&'.$36*%,8"0&:()7+"4 Conserving wild fish in a sea of market-based efforts J ennifer J a c q u e t ,John H ocevar,Sh e r m a n L ai,Pa t r i c i a M ajluf,Nathan P elletier,Tony P itcher,Enric S a l a ,Ra s h i d S u m a i l a and D aniel P auly Abstract Over the past decade conservation groups have put Introduction considerable effort into educating consumers and chang- ing patterns of household consumption. Many groups aim- ish consumption is on the rise globally. The USA now ing to reduce overfishing and encourage sustainable fishing Fconsumes almost five times more fish than it did 100 practices have turned to new market-based tools, including years ago (c. 2.2 million t in 2004 vs c. 500,000 t in 1910; consumer awareness campaigns and seafood certification NMFS, 2006), and Chinese consumers are now consuming almost five times more seafood per capita than they did in schemes (e.g. the Marine Stewardship Council) that have -1 -1 been well received by the fishing and fish marketing in- 1961 (25.4 kg person in 2005 vs 4.8 kg person in 1961; dustries and by the public in many western countries. Here, Halweil, 2006). Worldwide, per capita consumption of we review difficulties that may impede further progress, such marine fishes has nearly doubled since the 1960s(9 kg as consumer confusion, lack of traceability and a lack of in the 1960s vs 16 kg in 1997; WHO, 2006) while the human demonstrably improved conservation status for the fish that population also doubled over this same time period. Future are meant to be protected. Despite these issues, market- projections show that seafood supply from capture fisheries based initiatives may have a place in fisheries conservation is decreasing and that, overall, today’s marine fisheries are in raising awareness among consumers and in encouraging unsustainable (Pauly et al., 2002; Worm et al., 2006). suppliers to adopt better practices. We also present several To meet predicted demands for seafood by 2020 aqua- additional avenues for market-based conservation measures culture production will need to double. Alternatively, how that may strengthen or complement current initiatives, such and for what we fish (e.g. low trophic–level species for as working higher in the demand chain, connecting seafood which there exists a far greater amount of biomass available security to climate change via life cycle analysis, diverting for consumption) will require reform (Pitcher, 2008). Be- small fish away from the fishmeal industry into human food cause the growing demand for seafood has been implicated markets, and the elimination of fisheries subsidies. Finally, as in the marine fisheries crisis, it is appropriate that some ef- was done with greenhouse gas emissions, scientists, conser- fort be directed at reforming the human appetite (Grescoe, vation groups and governments should set seafood con- 2008). So far, this reform has largely manifested itself in sumption targets. a host of market efforts to encourage what is popularly referred to as ‘sustainable seafood’, the meaning of which is Keywords Consumption targets, effectiveness, fisheries generally broad, covering ecologically responsible fishing subsidies, fishmeal, life cycle analysis, Marine Stewardship that minimizes the bycatch of non-target species and brings Council, sustainable seafood, traceability acceptable levels of ecosystem and environmental impacts. Here we aim to provide an overview of these initiatives, expand upon Jacquet & Pauly (2007) in reviewing common difficulties, and present several possible avenues for im- proving market-based approaches to conserve wild fish. JENNIFER JACQUET (Corresponding author), SHERMAN LAI and DANIEL PAULY Sea Around Us Project, University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre, Overview of market-based sustainable seafood 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4. E-mail initiatives for marine capture fisheries [email protected] JOHN HOCEVAR Greenpeace USA, Washington, DC, USA. Marine capture fisheries peaked in the late 1980s (Watson & PATRICIA MAJLUF Center for Environmental Sustainability, Cayetano He- Pauly, 2001), although the problem was not realized until the redia University, Lima, Peru. early 1990s. The first major seafood campaign was the boy- NATHAN PELLETIER School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dal- cott of canned tuna in the