Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035 Final Report: Volume. I 3.7 Urban Disaster Risk Reduction 3.7.1 Overall Situation of Disaster Risk Reduction (1) Disasters in Senegal and the Study Area According to EM-DAT27, the past disasters in Senegal are summarized as shown in Table 3.7.1. The most frequently occurring disaster from a historical point of view is droughts, followed by flooding. Table 3.7.1 Historical Disasters in Senegal (1900–2013) Number of Total number Total number Total amount of damage Type of disaster occurrences killed affected (1,000 US$) Natural Disaster Drought 25 0 8,398,998 N/A Flood 18 72 1,158,919 54,385 Wind Storm 3 189 96,853 N/A Wave/Surge 1 0 2,000 50 Epidemic 9 507 13,415 N/A Insect Infestation 5 N/A N/A N/A Man-made Disaster Industrial Accident 2 100 730 18,700 Misc. Accident 2 28 150 N/A Remarks: Traffic accidents are not included. Source: EM-DAT1 The disasters in the Study Area, which are listed in various sources, are shown in Table 3.7.2. Flooding is the most major natural disaster that occurs in the Study Area. It has been reported that after 2005, there have been frequent floods in Pikine and Guédiawaye Departments. It should be noted that there were also man-made disasters that resulted in a relatively large number of deaths in the Study Area. Although not recorded in Table 3.7.2, coastal hazards such as coastal erosion and coastal flooding during an extreme storm event have been recognized as among the major hazards in the Study Area in previous studies28, 29. In the present study, the flood hazard and coastal hazard are discussed in detail in the following sections. 27 The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite Catholique de Louvain — Brussels (http://www.emdat.be). 28 World Bank, Preparing to Manage Natural Hazards and Climate Change Risks in Dakar, Senegal, A Spatial and Institutional Approach, 2009. 29 GFDRR-World Bank, Disaster Risk Management Programs for Priority Countries, 2011. 3-146 Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035 Final Report: Volume. I Table 3.7.2 Past Disasters in the Study Area Number of Amount of Type of Year/ Region killed and damage Remarks Source disaster Month missing (1000 US$) Flood 1989/8 Dakar N/A N/A Mbow et al. Flood 1995/8 Dakar N/A N/A Mbow et al. Flood 2005/8 Saint-Louis, Joal, Kaolack, DPC Fatick, Pikine and 30 N/A Affected 18,314 Guédiawaye (Dakar) Rufisque, Pikine, EM-DAT 0 N/A Affected 50,000 Guédiawaye (Dakar) Flood 2008/9 Dakar, Thies, Diourbel, FL-2008-000160- GLIDE N/A N/A Saint-Louis, Kaolack SEN Flood 2009/8 N/A N/A N/A DPC Dakar, Saint-Louis, Kaolack 6 N/A Affected 264,000 EM-DAT Dakar and entire country 82 mil US$ Affected 360,000 PDNA N/A (Dakar) (Dakar) Almost all suburbs of Dakar FL-2009-000164- GLIDE N/A N/A SEN Flood 2012/8 Dakar, Thiès, Saint-Louis 26 NA 275,000 homeless DPC N/A 19 10 mil US$ N/A EM-DAT St. Louis, Bambey, Dakar FL-2012-000169- GLIDE N/A N/A SEN Flood 2013/9 Fatick, Kaolack, Thies, Dakar 8 N/A Affected 163,306 EM-DAT Epidemic 2004 Pikine, Guédiawaye, etc. 117 N/A Cholera EM-DAT Industrial 1992 Bel Air (Dakar) SONACOS DPC 30 N/A Accident explosion Near Dakar 100 18,700 Tank explosion EM-DAT Misc. 1993/9 Kermel market (Dakar) DPC N/A N/A Market fire Accident Source: 1) EM-DAT1 2) Mbow et al.30 3) DPC31, 4) GLIDE32, 5) PDNA (Post-Disaster Needs Assessment )33 (2) Policy Framework Disaster risk management (DRM) in Senegal considers the entire disaster cycle, including prevention, preparation, response, recovery and reconstruction34. The Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSP-II, 2006– 2010 and PRSP-III, 2011–2015) have considered disaster risk management as an important element. In the National Strategy for Economic and Social Development (NSESD, 2013–2017)35, risk and disaster’s prevention and management was set as one of the elements in Pillar 2: Human Resources, Social Welfare and Sustainable Development. The strategic objectives and actions on DRM are shown in Table 3.7.3. 30 Mbow et al., Urban sprawl development and flooding at Yeumbeul suburbs (Dakar-Senegal), African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 2 (4), pp.75–88, 2008. 31 DPC, Les risques et catastrophes majeurs au Sénégal; DPC Presentat report (2013), p. 15. 32 GLIDE, http://glidenumber.net/glide/public/search/search.jsp. 33 PDNA, Evaluation des besoins post catastrophe inondations urbaines à Dakar, 2009. 34 DPC, Presentation material. 35 NSESD 2013–2017, National Strategy for Economic and Social Development, 2012. 3-147 Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035 Final Report: Volume. I Table 3.7.3 Strategic Objectives and Actions on DRM in NSESD (2013–2017) Strategic Objectives Actions Prevent and reduce major disaster Improve natural disaster management risk Preparation and implementation of a specific intervention plan Improve the management of Instituting an emergency intervention fund natural disasters Setting up a mechanism for the assistance and compensation of disaster victims Setting up a multi-sectorial crisis management body Strengthening the capacity of civil protection actors Preventing and reducing major disaster risks Stepping up security for the transportation of hazardous materials Construction and equipment in infrastructure for civil protection actors Displacement of populations installed in high-risk areas Development of contingency plans at national and regional levels (P) Curbing major industrial accidents Setting up an early warning system for natural disasters Operationalizing the multi-sectorial platform for disaster risk reduction Promoting the culture of disaster risk prevention and management (P) Remarks: (P) indicates a priority action. Source: NSESD (2013–2017) (3) Institutional Framework The institutional set-up for disaster risk management in Senegal is shown in Figure 3.7.1. The national platform, which was established in 2008, is responsible for promoting the integration of DRM into national development policies, plans and strategies. The Directorate of Civil Protection (DPC) under the Ministry of Interior is the agency responsible for the coordination of DRM activities in Senegal. DPC acts as the secretariat of the national platform for the prevention and reduction of major disaster risks. Government Higher Commisision Ministries of Civil Protection National (Sector Competence) Platform for RRC Regional Commissions of Civil Civil Defense National Fire Protection(Govermors) Directorate (DPC) Brigade (BNSP) Auxiliary Commissions of Civil Protection(Prefects) Other ・Local Authorities ・Org.Emplpyers Source: DPC Figure 3.7.1 Institutional Set-up for Disaster Risk Management in Senegal The missions of DPC are as follows: 1) the prevention of all kinds of disaster risk and protection of people, 2) the safeguarding of property and 3) environmental conservation as protection against disasters and catastrophes. DPC is responsible for 1) drafting text for civil protection; 2) overall design of emergency plans and contingency plans; 3) the inspection and monitoring of the implementation of security measures in public buildings, classified establishments and tall buildings; 4) training, information and awareness of disaster risk; 5) management of resources for emergency activities and 6) monitoring the relations of bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The organizational structure of DPC 3-148 Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035 Final Report: Volume. I is shown in Figure 3.7.2. Civil Defense Directorat Permanent Secretariat of the Higher Commission of Civil Protection Studies Division of Civil Administrative and Training Center and Defense Operations Financial Division Improvement of Civil Protection Office of classified Office Manager Studies Division of establishments Training and Research Office of the plans and Office of the the mobilizations Accountant materials Relations Office Commissions and with OIPC Source: DPC Figure 3.7.2 Organizational Structure of DPC The National Fire Brigade (BNSP) is responsible for relief activities during emergency situations that threaten public safety. It is divided into five groups by region. Dakar Region is managed by Group 1, and the Thiès and Diourbel Regions are managed by Group 2. There is a branch office in each of the departments of Dakar, Pikine, Guédiawaye and Rufisque. Each branch office has about 120 fire brigade members. (4) Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation Project The Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation Project (DRM Plan) in Senegal is a comprehensive package of support for the Government of Senegal, supported by the World Bank. The outline of the project is shown in Table 3.7.4. Table 3.7.4 Outline of the DRM Plan Project Title Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation Project (DRM Plan) (Phase 1) Duration 2012–2014 Implementing DPC (3 years) Agency Required 1.4 mil. US$ Fund Source World Bank Budget Component A. Institutional review to optimize the DRM system/mechanism B. Diagnosis and creation of an early warning system (EWS), with an initial focus on floods C. Strengthening of preparedness and response mechanisms, with an initial focus on floods D. Capacity building of DPC and project management Remarks: Phase 2 (2014–2017) of the project is pending, with required funds of 3.6 mil. US$. Source: World Bank36 36 World Bank, Project Appraisal Document, Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation Project (Phase1), 2011. 3-149 Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035 Final Report: Volume. I 3.7.2 Flood Hazard (1) Existing Drainage System and Drainage Master Plans in the Study Area The overall situations of the existing drainage system and the drainage master plans in the Study Area are shown in Figure 3.7.3.