Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2017 IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT: A PAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE Colin Phifer Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2017 Colin Phifer Recommended Citation Phifer, Colin, "IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT: A PAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE", Open Access Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2017. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/533 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT: A PAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE By Colin C. Phifer A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Forest Science MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2017 © 2017 Colin C. Phifer This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Forest Science. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Dissertation Co-Advisor: David Flaspohler Dissertation Co-Advisor: Christopher Webster Committee Member: Chelsea Schelly Committee Member: Daniel Gruner School Dean: Terry Sharik Dedicated to Tina and River Phifer, my family (Jasper, you too) Table of Contents Preface............................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... viii Abstract ................................................................................................................................x 1. Project background and research design .....................................................................1 Ecological and social sustainability of bioenergy in the Americas ............................1 Bees and birds: ecosystem services providers and harbingers of change ...................2 Dissertation format and organization ..........................................................................5 Literature cited ............................................................................................................5 2. Bird community responses to afforested eucalyptus plantations in the Argentine pampas ..............................................................................................................................10 Abstract .....................................................................................................................10 Introduction ...............................................................................................................10 Methods ....................................................................................................................12 Site description ...............................................................................................12 Experimental design .......................................................................................13 Field methods .................................................................................................13 Data analysis ...................................................................................................14 Results .......................................................................................................................14 Discussion .................................................................................................................15 Implications of expanding afforestation on avian communities and ecosystem services Edge effects of afforestation on pampas bird communities ...........................17 Management recommendations and future research needs ............................18 Conclusions ....................................................................................................19 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................19 Literature cited ..........................................................................................................19 Tables ........................................................................................................................25 Figures ......................................................................................................................27 Appendix ...................................................................................................................36 3. Impact of land-use change and afforested plantations on native bees in northeastern Argentina ...........................................................................................................................41 Abstract .....................................................................................................................41 iv Introduction ...............................................................................................................41 Materials and methods ..............................................................................................43 Study area description ....................................................................................43 Experimental design .......................................................................................44 Bee sampling ..................................................................................................44 Data analysis ...................................................................................................45 Results .......................................................................................................................45 Discussion .................................................................................................................46 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................48 Literature cited ..........................................................................................................48 Tables ........................................................................................................................53 Figures ......................................................................................................................55 Appendix ...................................................................................................................61 4. Impact of afforested eucalyptus plantations on ecosystem services in Entre Ríos, Argentina ...........................................................................................................................66 Abstract .....................................................................................................................66 Introduction ...............................................................................................................66 Methods ....................................................................................................................68 Site description ...............................................................................................68 Baseline mapping ...........................................................................................69 Community interviews and survey .................................................................69 Scenario development ecosystem service evaluation .....................................70 Results .......................................................................................................................72 Community interviews and survey .................................................................72 Ecosystem service evaluation .........................................................................73 Carbon sequestration.........................................................................73 Pollination service.............................................................................73 Habitat quality...................................................................................73 Discussion .................................................................................................................74 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................76 Literature cited ..........................................................................................................76 Tables ........................................................................................................................82 Figures ......................................................................................................................85 Appendix ...................................................................................................................92 v 5. Impacts of stand age on bee and wasp diversity in aspen forests in northeastern Wisconsin, USA .................................................................................................................98 Abstract .....................................................................................................................98 Introduction ...............................................................................................................98 Methods ..................................................................................................................100