Master Thesis: Embracing the Sorrow in Pursuing Peace: Gernika as a Case Study By Idham Badruzaman Supervisor: Dr. Irene Comins Mingol International Master in Peace, Conflict and Development Studies Universitat Jaume I Castellón de la Plana, Spain June, 2014 Abstract The commemoration of the bombing in Gernika that happened in April 27, 1937 is actually the leading activity for Gernika to pursue peace. Continued by the peace museum, peace research center and the legendary painting by Pablo Picasso, the people of Gernika are trying to pursue peace through the memory of war. The thesis is about three theories, one place as a case study and four elements as research focus. Through the memory of war, which is embedded in the four elements, they create an identity of Gernika to be the symbol of peace and the symbol of anti-war. Keywords: identity, memory of war, philosophy for peace, Gernika-Spain ii To my father who lives in my own memory and in the collective memory between me and other people who loves him. To Gernika which becomes one important part of my identity To my wife who creates everyday’s peace(s) in my life iii Acknowledgment This thesis is part of my identity which shaped my previous identity while I am in Spain. Everybody I met, everything I found, touch and feel shapes my identity. Therefore I would like to thank to everybody that I met in Spain. Through them, I was inspired to write the thesis about Spain and through them I could finally finish my thesis. My senior once said that, ‘the perfect Thesis is actually the finished Thesis’. Gracias for all people in the love circle of UNESCO Chair Philosophy for peace, International Master of Peace, Conflict and development studies. With them, many knowledge, experiences and loves shaped my identity. For all my professors, they were amazing and gave all their heart while interacting with us; and their styles and dedications will be absorbed and copied by me as a lecturer in the near future. For the Staffs, Adela, Argelio, Sonia, Sofia, Ioulia and Elena, they have been very supportive helping me administratively and made my way to the end of the course. And finally, to all my compañeros y compañeras where I learned a lot from them, and special ones to Celia where I learn to be real human being where we suppose to treat ANYONE fairly and equally, to Kevin where I learn to be brave in exploring new things which I thought was even impossible to make, Jenny Murphy who taught me how to be assertive which is actually good for both ways and to be the lecturer of ‘the way you are’ and many lesson from all peace master students which I cannot mention it one-by-one here in this limited paper. Eskerrik asko for María Oianguren Idígoras, Iratxe Momoitio, Anna Leon, Amaia Egia, Fiachra, Andreas, María, Alec, Isabella, Tom& Alec and all people of Gernika which inspired me to write about them. One thing for sure that Gernika has made me know more about my identity. Terima kasih for my wife, Citra Paramita who keep accompanying me physically and spiritually, my mother, Enah Suhaenah who never stop prays for me, two of my brothers, Irhas Badruzaman and Ihfadz Badruzaman who make me proud all the time. My thanks also delivered to the family of Badruzaman in Karawang, the family in Balikpapan and Bandung, the family of the University of Muhammadiyah of Yogyakarta and the family of Islamic Boarding School of Ali Maksum, Krapyak Yogyakarta. Finally, I would like to thank you very much for my supervisor who was so patient in checking every word of my thesis, every idea of my opinion and every structure and line of my thesis. Thank you so much Irene Comins Mingol, I know my thanks will never be enough for you. iv Figures Figure 1: Comparison between Aquitania, Basque, Gothic and English............................................................. 38 Figure 2: Survey participant agreement with importance of having proficiency in Spanish and in Euskera................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40 Figure 3: Indicated current proficiency of survey participants.............................................................................................. 40 Figure 4: Me with the son of George Steer......................................................................................................................................................... 5248 Figure 5: Peace Research Center of Gernika Gogoratuz............................................................................................................... 6359 Figure 6: Guernica at Reina Sofia museum........................................................................................................................................................ 6561 Figure 7: Respondents of the questionnaire that was taking place in Gernika.............................................. 94 Figure 8: Respondent of the questionnaire about people wish in Gernika.......................................................... 9782 Figure 9: Demonstration againts ETA.......................................................................................................................................................................8297 Figure 10: Opinion about the identity of people of Gernika..................................................................................................... 9984 Figure 11: Opinion about commemoration of the bombing of Gernika.................................................................. 100 Figure 12: Duo Peterson research on memory............................................................................................................................................... 103 Figure 13: Painting by Luis Iriondo............................................................................................................................................................................... 112 Figure 14: Peace museum in Gernika.......................................................................................................................................................................... 12110 Figure 15: Large Figure in a Shelter by Henry Moore...................................................................................................................... 12310 Figure 16: Gure Aitaren Etxea by Eduardo Chillida (peace sclupture)................................................................... 12310 Figure 17: Copy of Guernica painting in Gernika................................................................................................................................... 126 v List of Abbreviations AIPAZ Asociación Española de Investigación Para la Paz (Spanish Association of Research for Peace) BAC Basque Autonomous Country BNP Basque National Party BASKale Socio-cultural Basque-German Association ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom) FC Barcelona Football Club Barcelona IC-MEMO The International Committee of Memorial Museums in Remembrance of the Victims of Public Crimes ICOM International Council of Museums NAZI National Socialist German Workers' Party OPM Organisasi Papua Merdeka (The Free Papua Movement) PNV Partido Nacionalista Vasco (Basque Nationalist Party) PSAN Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional (Socialist Party of National liberation) UJI Universitat Jaume I UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USA United States of America vi Table Contents (Provisional) Cover page………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... i Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. v Abbreviation list……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi Table content…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1. Presentation of the Thesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 2. Personal motivation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 3. Relevance and justification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 4. Guiding question…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 5. Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 6. Research methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 7. Theoretical framework…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 8. Research limitation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11 9. Structure of the Thesis......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 10. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13 Chapter I: The everlasting identity of the people of Gernika: deconstruction, reconstruction-deconstruction and reconstruction 1.1. Studies on identity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 1.2. The identity of Gernika………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 1.3. Gernika or Guernica……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 1.4. The people of Gernika pre-civil war……………………………………………………………………………………………. 21 1.5. Gernika and the civil war 1936-1939………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23 1.6. The emergence of Basque separatist movement……………………………………………………………………. 27 1.7. When Franco in power………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 1.8. After the Dictator