Advancing Torpor Inducing Transfer Habitats for Human Stasis to Mars NIAC Phase II Final Report SpaceWorks Enterprises, Inc. (SEI) ADVANCING TORPOR INDUCING TRANSFER HABITATS FOR HUMAN STASIS TO MARS NASA INNOVATIVE ADVANCED CONCEPTS (NIAC) PHASE II FINAL REPORT 30 June 2018 Version 1.0 Grant Number: NNX16AL30G and 80NSSC18K0033 Prepared by: J. BRADFORD, B. MERREL, M. SCHAFFER, C. WILLIAMS, AND D. TALK SpaceWorks Enterprises, Inc. (SEI) 1050 Crown Pointe Parkway, Suite 1400 Atlanta, GA 30338 (770) 379-8000 Office, (770) 379-8001 Fax www.spaceworks.aero Prepared for: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) 300 E. Street, SW Washington, D.C. 20546-0001 PUBLIC RELEASE IS AUTHORIZED. i Advancing Torpor Inducing Transfer Habitats for Human Stasis to Mars NIAC Phase II Final Report SpaceWorks Enterprises, Inc. (SEI) Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction and Rationale ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.3. Technology .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Background ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Hibernation .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. Therapeutic Hypothermia (TH) ............................................................................................................................. 7 3.3. Hypothermia ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 3.3.1. Method of Action ............................................................................................................................................. 8 3.3.2. Methods of Cooling ......................................................................................................................................... 9 4. Medical Approach ...........................................................................................................................................................11 4.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................................................11 4.2. Method of Induction.............................................................................................................................................11 4.3. Intravenous (IV) Access ......................................................................................................................................14 4.4. Nutritional Approach............................................................................................................................................15 4.5. Waste Management ............................................................................................................................................16 4.6. Monitoring and Evaluation ...................................................................................................................................17 4.7. Potential Medical Challenges ..............................................................................................................................18 4.8. Proposed Induction Protocol ................................................................................................................................24 4.8.1. Stage 1: Pre-Flight .........................................................................................................................................24 4.8.1.1. Training ....................................................................................................................................................24 4.8.1.2. Exposure to Torpor Cycles ........................................................................................................................24 4.8.1.3. Establish Permanent IV and Nutritional Access ..........................................................................................25 4.8.2. Stage 2: Crew Preparation .............................................................................................................................25 4.8.2.1. Skin Preparation .......................................................................................................................................25 4.8.2.2. Bowel Preparation .....................................................................................................................................25 4.8.2.3. Perform Systems Test on Torpor Induction Systems ..................................................................................25 4.8.2.4. Test Access to Port-a-Cath and PEG Tube: ...............................................................................................25 4.8.3. Stage 3: Initiation ...........................................................................................................................................25 4.8.3.1. Torpor Habitat ...........................................................................................................................................25 4.8.3.2. Place Foley Catheter, Fecal Collection system, and OG/NG Tube ..............................................................25 4.8.3.3. Apply Monitors ..........................................................................................................................................26 4.8.3.4. Induce Moderate Sedation ........................................................................................................................26 4.8.3.5. Induction of Hypothermia...........................................................................................................................26 4.8.4. Stage 4: Torpor Maintenance .........................................................................................................................26 4.8.4.1. Evaluation of Vital Signs and Blood chemistry ............................................................................................26 4.8.4.2. Nutrition ....................................................................................................................................................26 4.8.4.3. Infection Control ........................................................................................................................................26 4.8.4.4. Thrombosis Prevention .............................................................................................................................27 4.8.4.5. Monitoring and Periodic Care ....................................................................................................................27 4.8.5. Stage 5: Torpor Reversal ...............................................................................................................................27 4.8.5.1. Rewarming ...............................................................................................................................................27 4.8.5.2. Wakening .................................................................................................................................................27 4.8.5.3. Discontinue Monitoring, Antibiotics and Anticoagulation .............................................................................27 4.8.5.4. Resume Normal Diet (if available) .............................................................................................................27 4.8.5.5. Resume Normal Activity ............................................................................................................................27 5. Impact on NASA’s Human Research Program (HRP) .......................................................................................................28 5.1. Short-term and Long-term Effects of Radiation Exposure and SPEs .....................................................................28 5.2. Spaceflight-Induced Intracranial Hypertension/Vision Alterations ..........................................................................29 5.3. Adverse Cognitive or Behavioral Conditions and Psychiatric Disorders, and the Risk of Performance and Behavioral Health Decrements ............................................................................................................................................................29 5.4. Adverse Outcomes Due to Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload ....................................29 5.5. Risk of Impaired Performance Due to Reduced Muscle Mass, Strength & Endurance ...........................................30