EUROPEAN POLITIQUES ABOUT WATER MANAGEMENT (Germany & Poland) June 2008 Author: Piotr Rucki Supervisor: Prof. B. Escribano Content: 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................5 1.1. Environmental structure of realization the project (UPC in Terrassa).....................5 1.2. The reason of creating this kind of work.............................................................5 2. Target (main idea) of the project......................................................................................6 3. Materials and sources of research (how did I get the information).......................................7 4. The concept of “management”..........................................................................................7 4.1. What is management, how can we understand it.................................................7 4.2. Vision of water management in the world...........................................................9 4.3. Conclusion......................................................................................................10 5. Resources of water in the World......................................................................................10 5.1. Natural water cycle..........................................................................................11 5.2. Water resources on Earth. World water distribution............................................15 5.3. Kinds of water.................................................................................................26 5.3.1. Surface water...................................................................................26 5.3.2. Sub-surface water.............................................................................27 5.3.3. Desalination and frozen water............................................................28 5.4. Fresh water storage.........................................................................................29 5.5. Use of fresh water...........................................................................................29 5.5.1 Household.........................................................................................29 5.5.1.1. Drinking water....................................................................29 5.5.2. Industrial..........................................................................................31 5.5.3. Agricultural.......................................................................................31 5.5.4. Environmental...................................................................................32 5.5.5. Recreation........................................................................................32 5.6. Conclusion......................................................................................................32 6. European Community.....................................................................................................33 6.1. History of European Community........................................................................33 6.2. Structure.........................................................................................................37 6.3. Environmental law...........................................................................................42 6.3.1. Water directives................................................................................42 6.3.1.1. River basin directives..........................................................42 6.3.1.2. Marine environment............................................................47 6.3.1.3. Water quantity...................................................................48 6.3.1.3.1. Flood risk management........................................48 6.3.1.3.2. Water scarcity and droughts.................................49 6.3.1.4. Water and health – directives..............................................49 6.3.1.4.1. Drinking water.....................................................49 2 6.3.1.4.2. Bathing water......................................................50 6.3.1.5. Water pollution directives....................................................51 6.4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………..51 7. Water pollution – global vision…………………..…………………………………………………………………52 7.1. Kinds of water pollution.…………………….………………………………………………………….52 7.2. The causes of water pollution………………..………………………………………………………54 7.3. Dangers of pollution………………………………..……………………………………………………58 7.4. Preventing of water pollution……………………..………………………………………………….58 7.5. Treating…………………………………………………….………………………………………………..59 7.5.1. Industrial treatment……………………….………………………………………………59 7.5.2. Septic tanks……………………………………..……………………………………………59 7.5.3. Denitrification……………………………………..…………………………………………59 7.5.4. Ozone wastewater treatment…………………..………………………………………60 7.6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………60 8. Poland in European Community……………………………………………………………………………………61 8.1. Historical background.......................................................................................61 8.2. Information about Poland.................................................................................63 8.2.1. Basic data.........................................................................................63 8.2.2. The State of the Republic of Poland………………………………………………….64 8.2.3. Environment and renewable resources………………..……………………………65 8.2.4. Wisla and Odra rivers – The biggest in Poland, two of the biggest in Europe……………………………………………………………………………………………………71 8.3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………76 9. Water in Poland………………………………………………………………………………………………………….77 9.1. Resources of water in Poland (by numbers) – Aquastat……………………………………77 9.2. Polish law. Structure of Legislative and Executive bodies………………………………….81 9.2.1 Ministries connected with environment (water), areas of their work…..…84 9.2.2 Structure and areas of work of environmental departments in Poland, connected with Ministry of Environment.……………………………………………………………………….….89 9.2.3 Changes caused by joining the European Community…………………….……95 9.3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………97 10. Germany as a neighbour of Poland……………………………………………………………………………..99 10.1. Basic information about Germany…………………………………………..…………………….99 10.1.1. Climate & Environment..………………………………………………………………101 10.1.2. The State of the Republic of Germany…………………………………………..102 10.2. Water resources…………………………………………………….………………………………….105 10.2.1. German environmental department’s structure. Institutions connected with water management..............…………………………………………………………………..110 3 10.3. Differences in water resources and environmental organisations structure, between Poland and Germany………………………………………………………………………………………..117 10.3.1. Government, organisations and institutions – the differences………….117 10.3.2. Comparison of water resources………….……………………….……………….123 10.4. Conclusion….…………………………………………………………………………………………….128 11. German and Polish vision of water protection…………………….………………………………………129 11.1. Artificial lakes and dams in Poland……………………………………………………….……..129 11.2. WWF projects in Poland…………………………………………………………………………….133 11.3. Artificial lakes and reservoirs in Germany…………………………………………………….137 11.3.1. The artificial stream and pond systems in Germany by Federal Environment Agency……………………………………………………………………………………………………..140 12. Global conclusion…………………………..………………………………………………………………………..141 13. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………………143 4 1. Introduction. 1.1. Environmental structure of realization the project (UPC in Terrassa). The place of realization this project is Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in Terrassa, Spain. The whole complex organization of this school contains...: 15 schools; 40 departments; 3 university research institutes; 3 consortial associate schools; 4 associate schools; 13 libraries. ... and in Terrassa, there are six schools, that about 5400 students are attending to. With a great number of services the campus of UPC in Terrassa has become one of the most dynamic urban university campuses. Schools of Engineering (the School of Industrial Engineering of Terrassa and the College of Industrial Engineering of Terrassa) are combined with the Schools of Optics and of Optometry and of the Image Processing and Multimedia Technology Centre (CITM). The campus of UPC gives a chance for foreign students to realize Socrates/Erasmus scholarship, by attending to classes and laboratories (in Spanish/Catalan) or by creating final projects in English or Spanish. With the partnership of UPC and UNESCO Chair, students are also able to realize projects with a social undertone, not exactly connected with technical profile of University. (UPC 2008) Figure 1. UPC in Terrassa. Adam Rucki 2008. My work is a research in European politiques about water management, with answers for many questions and doubts about water situation and resources in the world. 1.2. The reason of creating this kind of work. Water is something, that we can’t live without. This is only a simple chemical substance but it’s essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In our lifes we use it every day, and every hour, and 5 usually we don’t consider, how important this liquid is for us. Most of the time, we use water in liquid form, but it’s around us also in solid state and as a gas – water vapor. Each man and woman know, that the bigger part of our planet is covered by water, so they don’t think about it, how