A Systematic Approach to Translating Contracts into English By Rob Lunn BETA VERSION 2.0 Copyright © 2017 Rob Lunn. All rights reserved. i BETA VERSION — please send any comments to me at [email protected] Contents About this version (beta 2.0) ..................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... vii Preface — where this book came from ..................................................................... viii Part I. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1. About this book ................................................................................................. 2 Purpose and what we cover ..................................................................................... 2 How to read this book .............................................................................................. 2 Who the book is for .................................................................................................. 3 Languages ................................................................................................................ 3 What is a contract, anyway? .................................................................................... 4 A practical focus — not about the law ..................................................................... 4 Part II. Principles for translating contracts into English ............................... 5 2. Introduction to the principles ....................................................................... 6 3. A useful distinction: formulaic language vs contract information ........ 7 What is formulaic language? ................................................................................... 7 What is contract information? ................................................................................. 8 Where is the formulaic language in contracts? ....................................................... 8 Beginning of the contract ..................................................................................... 9 The middle of the contract ................................................................................. 10 The end of the contract ....................................................................................... 10 How does this distinction help? ............................................................................. 10 4. Equivalency versus transparency ............................................................... 12 Translate formulaic language equivalently .......................................................... 12 Following target-language conventions ............................................................. 12 1. Using models ............................................................................................... 12 2. Creating ‘authentic concessions’ ................................................................. 12 Translate the rest transparently ........................................................................... 13 The equivalence–transparency continuum ........................................................... 14 5. Audience and purpose ................................................................................... 15 Audience ................................................................................................................. 15 Lawyers versus linguists ....................................................................................... 16 Purpose .................................................................................................................. 16 ii BETA VERSION — please send any comments to me at [email protected] Implications from our default audience and purpose ........................................ 16 6. The register dilemma ..................................................................................... 19 What dilemma? ...................................................................................................... 19 The traditional register — our default setting ...................................................... 19 Why we go for as legal sounding as possible ..................................................... 20 A modern register — what the style guides say ................................................... 21 … and a middle-ground option .............................................................................. 22 Why start with the modern register? .................................................................... 22 Tempering your instinct to the degree you want .................................................. 23 7. Using the macro structure as your compass ............................................. 24 The beginning of the contract ................................................................................ 24 The middle of the contract ..................................................................................... 24 The end of the contract .......................................................................................... 25 8. Conclusions about the general principles ................................................. 26 Main points in Part II ............................................................................................ 26 Part III. Tips for translating contracts into English ...................................... 27 9. Introduction to the tips ................................................................................. 28 What the tips cover ................................................................................................ 28 Tenets of English contract drafting ....................................................................... 28 10. Tips on replicating English contract style and conventions ................. 29 Tip 1. Do change verbs and tenses ..................................................................... 30 Why change verbs and tenses? .............................................................................. 30 How do we change verbs and tenses? .................................................................... 30 An example ............................................................................................................ 30 Language categories .............................................................................................. 31 What verbs and tenses do we use in English for the language categories? ......... 33 Cheat sheet — What tense where ......................................................................... 34 At the beginning of the contract (the introductory clause and the recitals) ..... 35 In the middle of the contract (the operative clauses) ........................................ 35 Remember!.......................................................................................................... 36 Tip 2. Use shall properly (if at all) ...................................................................... 37 Why use shall? ....................................................................................................... 37 How to use shall ‘properly’..................................................................................... 37 iii BETA VERSION — please send any comments to me at [email protected] How to deal with unassigned obligation ............................................................... 37 Policy language and weak obligation .................................................................... 38 The ‘have a duty to’ test ......................................................................................... 39 Alternatives to shall and other criteria for using it .............................................. 39 Use it as much as possible ................................................................................. 39 Not using it at all ............................................................................................... 39 The case for will.................................................................................................. 40 Summary ................................................................................................................ 40 Tip 3. Use hereby properly (if at all) .................................................................. 41 Using hereby correctly ........................................................................................... 41 Don’t use hereby for language of declaration ........................................................ 41 Don’t use hereby for negative language of performance ....................................... 41 Don’t use hereby with agree .................................................................................. 42 Could you leave hereby out altogether? ................................................................ 42 Summary ................................................................................................................ 42 Tip 4. Recast, a lot, especially to active voice .................................................. 43 Summary ................................................................................................................ 44 Tip 5. Be specific and consistent (even when the source text isn’t) ............ 45 Summary ...............................................................................................................