EU Conflict prevention, management and resolution in Africa Rome, July, 2003 EU Conflict prevention, management and resolution in Africa Rome, July, 2003 2• EU CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION IN AFRICA This report has been prepared by International Alert and Saferworld in coordination with the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Saferworld is an independent foreign affairs think-tank working to identify, develop and publicise more effective approaches to tackling and preventing armed conflicts. 46 Grosvenor Gardens, London SW1W 0EB, United Kingdom,Tel: +44 (0) 20 7881 9290, Fax: +44 (0) 20 7881 9291 Website: www.saferworld.org.uk E-mail: [email protected], International Alert is an independent, non-governmental organisation which analyses the causes of conflict within countries, enables mediation and dialogue to take place and helps to develop the skills necessary to resolve conflict non-violently. International Alert works regionally in Africa, Eurasia, Southern Asia and Latin America and conducts policy and practice-orientated research and advocacy aimed at promoting sustainable peace. 346 Clapham Road, London SW9 9AP, United Kingdom, Tel. +44 (0) 20 7627 6800, Fax. +44 (0) 20 7627 6900, Website: www.international-alert.org E-mail: [email protected] The Seminar discussion paper prepared by International Alert and Saferworld: Harnessing the EU-Africa partnership for peace and security as primary conditions for development – building on strengths and addressing challenges is available to download at http://www.international-alert.org/pdf/pubdev/EUAfrica%20SeminarItalianMOFAJuly2003.pdf EU CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION IN AFRICA • 3 CONTENTS ACRONYMS 5 SECTION II DISCUSSION PAPER: HARNESSING THE GLOSSARY OF TERMS 7 EU AFRICA PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE AND SECURITY AS PRIMARY CONDITIONS FOR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 DEVELOPMENT 28 SECTION I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND ROME SEMINAR ON EU CONFLICT RECOMMENDATIONS 29 PREVENTION MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION IN AFRICA (ROME, JULY 28 29 INTRODUCTION 34 2003) 12 CHAPTER 1: Chapter 1: CONFLICT, DEVELOPMENT 1.1. CONTEXT FOR THE SEMINAR 13 AND GOVERNANCE 38 Dr Kevin P Clements, International Alert 1.2. FRAMEWORK FOR THE SEMINAR AND REPORT 14 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT APPROACHES TO Chapter 2: CONFLICT IN AFRICA 41 WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS: KEY ISSUES AND CONCLUSION 15 2.1 AFRICAN RESPONSES TO CONFLICT IN AFRICA 41 WORKING GROUP 1: Hesta Groenewald - Saferworld, Prospects for strengthening peace and security in Dr Monica Juma – SaferAfrica, Africa: opportunities for EU-Africa institutional James Mackie – ECDPM partnership 15 2.2 UN RESPONSES TO CONFLICT WORKING GROUP 2: IN AFRICA 45 Prospects for strengthening peace and security in Alice Hutchinson, Saferworld Africa: the contribution of civil society 18 2.3 EU RESPONSES TO CONFLICT CHAPTER 3: IN AFRICA 49 OVERARCHING CONCLUSIONS OF Dr Terhi Lehtinen THE EU SEMINAR ON CONFLICT PREVENTION MANAGEMENT AND CHAPTER 3: RESOLUTION IN AFRICA 22 INNOVATIVE RESPONSES TO CONFLICT, UNDERDEVELOPMENT APPENDICES: 24 AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN AFRICA-HARNESSING THE APPENDIX 1. Presentations 24 EU-AFRICA PARTERSHIP’S UNIQUE ROLE 56 APPENDIX 2. Agenda 26 3.1 ENHANCING THE ROLE OF THE EU APPENDIX 3. Participants 26 IN SUPPORTING THE AU AND SUB- REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS 56 Professor Josephine Odera, Africa Peace Forum 4• EU CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION IN AFRICA 3.2 MAKING NEPAD EFFECTIVE APPENDIX 2 CASE STUDY: SUDAN 75 AND RESPONSIVE: Wilfred Hughes THE ROLE OF THE EU 59 A Southern perspective APPENDIX 3 CASE STUDY: Dr Monica Juma, SaferAfrica AFRICAN GREAT A Northern perspective LAKES 77 James Mackie, European Centre for Andrew Sherriff, Development Policy Management (ECDPM) International Alert 3.3 DEFINING & STRENGTHENING THE APPENDIX 4 CASE STUDY: EU’S DIPLOMATIC ROLE WITH HORN OF AFRICA 79 AFRICAN INSTITUTIONS, STATES Thomas Ansorg, Saferworld AND OTHER MULTILATERAL ORGANISATIONS 62 APPENDIX 5 CASE STUDY: Professor Josephine Odera, WEST AFRICA 81 Africa Peace Forum Nana K.A. Busia, Jr., & Lindsay Alexander, International Alert Lulsegged Abebe & Lindsay Alexander, 3.4 ENGAGING AND UTILISING CIVIL International Alert SOCIETY FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE-BUILDING 63 Guus Meijer, Conciliation Resources 3.5 EXPLORING HOW THE EU-AFRICA PARTNERSHIP CAN ENHANCE SECURITY ON THE CONTINENT 66 Peter Cross, Saferworld 3.6 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON EU- AFRICA TRADE FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT 68 Kato Lambrects, Christian Aid 3.7 EU–AFRICA HARNESSING THE PRIVATE SECTOR FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT 70 Jessica Banfield, International Alert Conclusion 73 APPENDICES: 74 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CASE STUDIES:ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL AND PROXIMATE CAUSES OF CONFLICT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA APPENDIX 1 CASE STUDY: ANGOLA 74 Guus Meijer, Conciliation Resources EU CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION IN AFRICA • 5 Acronyms ACP Africa,Caribbean and Pacific ADB Africa Development Bank APRM African Peer Review Mechanism APSA African Peace and Security Agenda AU African Union CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CMC Conflict Management Centre COMESA Common Market for Southern and East African States CPS Country Strategy Papers CPU Conflict Prevention Unit CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DDR Disarmament Demobilisation and Integration DG Development Development Directorate General DG Relex External Relations Directorate General DG Trade Trade Directorate General DFID Department for International Development DPKO UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community EBA Everything But Arms EC European Community ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECHO European Conflict and Humanitarian Office ECOMOG Ecowas Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECDPM European Centre for Development Policy Management ECPC European Civilian Peace Corps EDF European Development Fund EIB European Investment Bank EIDHR European Initiative for Human Rights and Democracy EPLO European Peace Liaison Office EU European Union ESDP European Security and Defence Policy EUPM European Union Police Mission FDI Foreign Direct Investment GAC General Affairs Council G8 Group of 8 (UK and Northern Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, US, Russia) HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries HOM Head of Mission HSIC Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee IDP Internally Displaced Person IEMF Interim Emergency Multinational Force IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development MS Member State NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NEPAD New Partnership for Africa ’s Development NGO Non-governmental organisation NSA Non state actor 6• EU CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION IN AFRICA OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe PPEWU Policy Planning and Early Warning Unit PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSC Political and Security Committee PSO Peace Support Operation PSOF Peace Support Operation Facility RECs Regional Economic Communities RRF Rapid Reaction Force RRM Rapid Reaction Mechanism RSP Regional Strategy Papers SADC Southern African Development Community SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SSR Security Sector Reform TNC Transnational Corporation UN United Nations UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia UN PoA United Nations Programme of Action EU CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION IN AFRICA • 7 Glossary of terms A lack of clarity and shared European Union (EU) understanding of the definition and use of terms related to conflict prevention creates obstacles to advancing a culture of conflict sensitivity across all EU institutions, processes and sectors. Understanding of the use of conflict prevention terminology in the paper does at times differ from the EU’s often varied application of the terms. Below are the definitions of terms used in the context of this paper: Conflict prevention: long-term activities, which aim to reduce the structural tensions or prevent the outbreak, escalation or recurrence of violence (EPLO 2002).1 Conflict prevention denotes the full range of activities applicable to this aim including early warning, crisis management, peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict management, conflict resolution and conflict transformation. Early warning: the systematic collection and analysis of information coming from areas of crises for the purpose of: a) anticipating the escalation of violent conflict; b) the development of strategic responses to these crises; and c) the presentation of options to critical actors for the purpose of decision-making (FEWER, 1997 in PIOOM, Synthesis Foundation and FEWER,1998).2 Crisis management: the co-ordinated and timely application of specific political, diplomatic, economic and/or security related measures and activities taken in response to a situation threatening peace. The aim of which is to defuse tension, prevent escalation and contribute towards an environment in which a peaceful settlement of violent conflict or potential conflict is more likely to occur (EPLO, 2002). To be effective crisis management must be planned and implemented with its contribution and transition to longer-term conflict prevention as a key consideration. Civilian aspects of crisis management There are four priority areas of civilian aspects of crisis management as defined by the Feira European Council in June 2000: police, rule of law, civilian