INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University Micrdrilms International 300 N. Z eeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8513646 Hosseinbor, Mohammad Hassan IRAN AND ITS NATIONALITIES: THE CASE OF BALUCH NATIONALISM The American University PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeflb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1984 by Hosseinbor, Mohammad Hassan All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this docum ent have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or p a______ g es 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_______ 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page_______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages^ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound cop y with print lost in sp________ in e 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages_______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received___________ 16. Other ____ University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. IRAN AND ITS NATIONALITIES: THE CASE OF BALUCH NATIONALISM by Mohammad Hassan Hosseinbor submitted to the Faculty of The College of Public and International Affairs of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Signatures of Chairman: Dean of the '.College [A l L u J 1. / 9 ( ate T 1984. 1,4 is The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 •THE ME R I C M UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. @ Copyright by Mohammad Hassan Hosseinbor 19-^ All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. IRAN AND ITS NATIONALITIES: THE CASE OF BALUCH NATIONALISM by Mohammad Hassan Hosseinbor ABSTRACT The question of ethnic nationalities divided by international boundaries poses one of the potentially most explosive problems facing the multi-national developing states. It involves two political forces moving in opposing directions. On the one hand, each multi-ethnic state is driven to integrate its diverse nationalities into its state struc­ ture. On the other hand, there is the nationalist drive of divided nationalities seeking self-rule in their national homelands. In Iran, all non-Persian nationalities— Baluchis, Kurds, Turks, Turkmens, and Arabs— belong to the category of nationalities divided across state lines. Baluchis, whose homeland, Baluchistan, covers 240,00 square miles, are divided among Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. This study examines the Baluch national movement toward political, economic, and cultural self-rule in Western Baluchistan since its incorporation into Iran in 1928. Drawing on historical materials in English, Persian, Baluchi, Arabic, and Urdu, the study analyzes three sets of interrelated factors. The first set relates to the evolution and dynamics of Baluch national­ ism, its cohesive bases, its socio-economic and class structure, its ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. politics and political organizations, and its personalities. The second set deals with the pattern of relationships between the Baluch national­ ity and the Persian-dominated state of Iran. The third set pertains to the regional and international implications of Baluch nationalism. This study's findings suggest that the nationalism of the Baluch and other subordinate nationalities in Iran is the antithesis to the politically and economically dominant and exploit_Live nationalism of the dominant nationality, a pattern similar to the rise of the early nationalism of Third World peoples as a response to European colonial­ ism. This general thesis, however, is based primarily on the cases of the Middle-Eastern nationalities discussed in connection with our case study. Any broader application of this conclusion, however, should await the results of additional case studies of ethnic nationalities in other geographic areas of the Third World as well. ii.i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE Most of the material for this study was collected first during a trip to Iranian Baluchistan in the summer of 1979 and then during a separate visit to London, England, in the summer of 1983. The trip to Iran was particularly useful because it enabled me not only to collect some of the material needed for this research, but also to witness firsthand an unprecedented upsurge of nationalist activities among vari­ ous Iranian nationalities including Baluchis due to the open political environment which then prevailed in the country in the immediate after- math of the victory of the Islamic Revolution. My visit to London was also necessary for examining the British archives and their large col­ lection of historical documents on the subject. Hence, some of the primary sources gathered on these two occasions are used for the first time in this study. Equally important for the completion of this dissertation is the help of many people, particularly those whose responsibility it was to examine and guide me. I must, therefore, thank first of all the members of my dissertation committee— Professor Abdul Aziz Said, Professor Alan Taylor, and the distinguished scholar and specialist of Southwest Asia, Selig S. Harrison— for spending their valuable time reading and comment­ ing on this work. Indeed, 1 shall ever remain indebted to them whose valuable assistance was my only guide throughout this long research project. I also would like to pay my tribute to the late Professor iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Charles Heimsath, whose help was essential in developing the original proposal for this study. I also would like to express my deepest gratitude and apprecia­ tion to H. E. Abdelkader Braik Al-Araeri, the Ambassador of the State of Qatar in Washington, for his kindness and assistance in allowing me to take extra time from my work at the Embassy for the purpose of this research. My gratitude and appreciation also must go to my brother and friend Nasir Bin Hamad Al-Khalifa, whom I also have the honor and pleas­ ure of working with. Indeed, both the Ambassador and Nasir have been a source of inspiration and encouragement for me throughout this study, and for this I owe them much more than I can repay. Many thanks also to Mr. Gholam Reza Hosseinbor, Pari Delavari, Malik M. Towghi, and