lieS11 0 0 A LITET Qtt r (Ming P ki Jo;'Andpt TrTE,E rt itro lust Oh to tilir-Aiou Tin te=s in i berai Gbra tee. Iti Si IT UT 1014 ibraryof C <ingress,Ha shincitoin. 5POE05. AG ZliC ErtiaderadLi br 4ry copitni-tt t -C.- Ptn DA 70 CCINTPA 'CT, ki6 234 NATO 1 55p.4. t4 of'a Na labJe ish e rd4 copy a to sifiaLlar.4at slzQ of orl.q Anald came -nt AV Ar LA 11:7 01101M Swerj-nt en.de mt of PoulD man -ts. over npnena P -tiro Wanh 1,ngto P,c 2040 '(LC1,2:11 66r4) EP R P u1 cE hil), Pim sPo tage. PC ti c:)t b from 'EEt; DFSCRI -PTC11 Computer I) To 'grams ;*Concpw-ters; Co -ter Stc.raoje 1)Qvi."ces AGo Nernaieri tLi brrj-e5; brary A *im.inj-st_ra ticonz. tgLi_brar y Auitomlaion;Library Men. Mach trio 2yotenis ;Sy st p reach; D.evelopro nit ID EKTI *Ilinicon put° z AB SrlikAT Lis rho° kIO z libra Etclm a toms and Fedeza.-1 bray y ntaff ers the appaicat kin of m ;Bp utc3rs in Fede 11_1' br ar le n- and. o f-ers a r evie w of mi ni.co imptrto chnol gym tpxief OirerViallW of a-litc) atazon. e xpaal.no .coo pu tex techRoL ogy, ardwa_re, and so ft wa - The rof .e of co mp'uters in1,i_ bares exantned in. tin as th ehi 4t cry if co loputrs aid curirent evQl vvirugto chnology, 13..n anin ataora cf microcc mp ut rs asaso 'In ti qntc 1 ib=ary prot3le los fo cu se on hard wa ze and pezi ?he r&194 incl ding mash straqeci.49i4cia5 an dma micoachi_ne interface deivices.spy st cimn Hof= trf ar as disauusecl, with emphasis o n TrogValndeveiopnant aids4 f<i1 emanagementpr Qgzams op erat nq oyotr and a ppai aiosns .Cr it er5_afor system selec.t.i are id en -ti fied,acidlj-br ark applica ti_ oh n the areas of ac guts l,taorns, 'catalogi-nq ,aerials,ci. Tcul. at5-on ,in re fere mcfs sanei. nf qt. tmatio nze zViCes, a nddmi_ni st ration areexaJA.Qrfaa.. Ea. se dcon ti-ae5e ep 4ria r eq uirerue ntf or s Tace andpers-Qni=aa :1-, qu is el Ones are gi'ven for s ys -hemseLec tigA artdeval Alation a rhe rclss of the1 A'brary, agency-,federaL coy- er nmnt,an dprivate n tae, ap lc At ion o f ' aico ipu to -Is are di sc usseci,as w eta as future t A a os nary an dsy tem5 s peci ns f yr poc ur.emen t of ni co ropiatr systems from th9 fibre-ry o or..gre5 sare appended. ( 71:1*A4*2:c** 4,44i*4,442P41**44, 44 * *A.* e-prcdu ct -ions supp liedby- E DR S are the b es t -thatcan beal ada -4 f zoo they qi na ilotim en 1. ****444.***# ** 74* ,1**f..* 4444 *g** 44a****c INTRODUCTIO LU MIN COMM IN FEDERAL LIBRARI Of Ptinf TOF HFA 11 fljO (HI I 0114* 'AIL wAlt NAT I ONE 1.1Ns /ITU TEO. EP UCA-1-104 ,14 11.1t (4 111. 110- NJ CI tt (11-7 A. 11117711V 4J11 w100 T,4 7711 74Sor-.4 tilt 7171G,F111/ 7.011) 1,111N I 7111t, AT :111, 1 T p(DiNt --30;,31EW ORX111111ONrg, HOTNI rE35s= it 111 37 1,1107 11r/11 r4AttC) 114 115T- 11117 LE 1) IJCA z 11I0 1110I10 GIN 1,01 1 cf By MICK! JO YOUNG with FIRAMK A. PEZZANITE And J- CHRIS REISINGER Prepared, under contract A76-234 . for the Fader-al Library Committee , ILIIirsry ofC4iofc Cots mh mk In VoniiK, Nikki Jo. itittioluttioli iniiiicomptitets Folef ill inrai les. "Prepared tinder colitrakt A7Ii-231 for theFegle141 Lila:fly Committee. Liformly of I:limiters." bibliography; p. %Wof. 11: 1.2: td Iiii/V I, tibia riesL.41nel "itates---A AN 2. Idinicompliters. 3. Libraries . Goverouter-mot, administrative, Stain, I.Pt.7ttaittle. Frank*.joint Atli /101,II. Iteisinfor,j, m. mm «uIL 131)441w4aFederal 111),yl; Committee, IV. Title. 7678,9.Vti.ti 027.5'023'5.1 78-1052 4 :thitrilts, U,S, zicut (grlec Sal Ow e eg±m (JI I).(: '!6.1-1.Y2, -3011:-111111,)7-11 1 TABLE lXi C9'E S Page PREFACE . ... ....... 10 ..-ftVii Vii THE SCOPE .. , ....... .... L . VII TIMELINESS .. ..... .. TRE SPONSORS , .. viii CHAPTER ONEt OVEIt VIEW OF AdTOMATION HOW A COMPUTER WORKS ; ..... HARDWARE . ... ......... 1 Central Processing Ilnri ."; ... 2 kfernory J. .. 6 Input , . .. 8 Output.. .. .. ... , .. B 77re Configuration , SOFTWARE; COMPUTER PROGRAMS 9 input/Wpm Instructions 13 Internal Data itlovement Instructrons .. Anthrtrttic Instruction' . Testini and Comparison Instractroar .. Jumping or 13ranching Instructions 14 Prograrnnang E-rample . , Assembly Language Terms . .... 15 High-Level Language Terrus OPERATING MODE t .. ..16 Dedicated, Shared or Time-Shared ............ = .......,......... 16 Batch, Remote Brack Online Interactive, or nue-Shanng . 16 ROLE OF THE COMPUTER,. 16 CHAPTER TWO: ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN LIBILARIES._.. 19 DIRECTIIONS LIBRARY AUTONLATION . .19- HISTORY OF COMPUTERS IN LIBRARIES . 20 CUR,RENT EVOLVING rEcHNoLocv . 22 Alancomputers ... , \,. ............ 22 Cooperative Processing .. .. ......... .... , . 22 Online Files . .,........ ........ ........ ... 23 Packaged S'ofavare _ . .. .... 23 Commercial Services . ...... , .. ..... .. , .... 23 Cominakr-Ouiput Microfrrrn . Telecorranumcations FUTURE APPLICATION S OF NE RVORKS IN LIBRARIES 24 Communications . ...... .25 Computers . .. ... ...... ... 26 Information ... .... , 26 PROBLEMS IN CURRENT LIBRARY APPLICATIONS. 27 Poor Aysterni Design. .. ... 27 Poor Librarian/Computer Personnel Interface .. 27 Poor Support _ _ _ A .. .. ..... .. .. 28 Other Problems ... .. _ . .. * .. 28 FEDERAL LIBRARY AUTOMATION API?LICATIONS .. 28 MitNic(i pu-ruis IN I I ARIES iv I f()W THE N [COMPUTE, )U HISTORY AND DEVEI )PM ENT , .1 CI-IARAC"I*Elt 1STI(:S . .... , , DEFINITIONS , BASIC U(iES ANI) A1'111,1CATI( )N.9 . 30 Industrial l'rocess (.onirol , '31 1),TO/terra/Go/aro! .... ... ... .. .. _ .. ,/)aitlcquitifinra 31 Cnovnunications ... Corulailation .. .. ......... MINII:IONIPUTEItS IN( 1.11iltA RI ES 4R . 44433 . 4! 444, SUMMARY ..* . .. , ... ................. 35 CHAPTEIt THREE: MINICOIVIPIJ'IT iti . .. HARDWAR1'. MAINFRAME 36 (:4011 ... Instruraion Set , . .. 37 Addreming Capabilities ,.. ... 37 Instruction Execution Screed .. .....:t ......,... ..... , ., 37 Register- (,:unfigurittiOn .,........, , . InternitAN . .. .. OptionaI,Eerrttires ..... ... Maio rilemoo, . ,, 39 . ,. hipt./014frut Coniroi .... 3() PElt IPIIERALS " 39 M ass Storage Dances 40 Punch Cards . 40 , Papei 'cape 40 +Casette or (:artridge 40 Indoitry-litanriarcl Magnetic Irtpt- ... .* . 41 1)iskette, or floppy Disk .. 41 . .. _ Fixed-bead [Ask 41 Movable.head 1)isk . 41 . ...... .. .,..... Man /Machine Interliste l)epor% 42 Punch Cards . 4o Paper 42 Key-tb-IVIarr,netic-rs:lediton Stations 42 Transaction Recoi den; 43 Printer; . , Interactive Niani'Machior- I Etter-11(r I )(Nice% . ... ..... , . 45 r Ins . Input /Output 45 SOETW ARE S()111/VARE . ... .. .. 46 Progrojefr Derel4rorne ..1: 1 c . .. .,.... Assemblers . .. ...46 ... .. -., ..... - ........... .. ...... Larariers. .. ... .. 46 Ecli,torN ....,_ .. .. ..47 ........ .. .. ..._ ... -.. ....:..., ...... 1)r:buggers ... 47 1-)iatznristics .. 47 15 tilitics 47 . ,...... _...,_.... _ .. .. Srthroutine 1.ihr;trics... , .. ..,, ,.. .. r.- ... 47 ropi len ............. .... .. .. ....... ., ., ... ....... .. .. .. .413 Far Ifanagement Programs . ... .. .-.... ._ ..... .. ,. * . Operoung Systron.... ... _ .. , cam- li \TAM", CONTENTS . A I \Ari'LICA'FIONS S()VEINAltE 4 50 IL NFIGOLI RATIONS , , ,. ;.. ... ' .. ...... .. .. _ .. .. ... ... .,....... 50 kILASSES M IN rcayrsirrnits. 50. CI-IAPTIER. FOUR!: MIN icom Pi.ITEtsLIIIIIARY APPLICATIONS 53 SYSTEM SELECTION: THM BRIM; ...... 53 COLUMN ONE: DESIGN CHA RA TIERISTICS . 53 Meant of Inputting .... .. ...... Types of Oliipta Products . .. ... 55 File Sinicture and Size. .X).55 iiarisactioni Volume . j 56 1 'ons . .... .............. ....... 56 Itittiface with Other Systems ' .... 57 COLUMNS TWO AND THREE: HARDWARE ANDSOFPWARE IMPACTS.....: 57 COLUMN FIVE: CLASS OF MINICOMPUTER 65 COLUMN FOUR: LIBRARY SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS 65 .System Requirement (hle End of the Badge.. .65. .Systems Design Die Other End of the Bridge _17 J LIBRARY APPLICATIONS ef69 GENERAL ,...:.,..,,a,. 69 . , , ACQUISITIONS ..... ......,. , 70 Case Study Problem Area..... ......... 82 Library linvilorilnent 7... ........ 82 Goals... ....... , ..... Q2 Proposed Flow' .... ... 82 System Requirements . Alternative Designs . ... .... ...... ........ 82 The Bridge: Review of Design Characteristics find Their Impacts 82 The Analysis ... 86 CATALOGING , ........ ; 86 SERIALS , 88 CIRCULATION .,,,. - - INTERLI BRA ItLOAN . 91 REFERENCE A NEC)R MAT1ON SERVICES. .. , 92 ADM isnsTRAT re= 94 SUMMARY 95 CHAVIT,R FIVE: SELECTION CRITERIA- ..... .............. 97 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECISION . ., . 97 CONIPARISON Tf) A MANUAL SYSTEM. ........ 97 COMPARISON TO A LARGE-SCALE SYSTEM . 98 SERVICE CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................ 98 cosribENEFrr ANALYSES - 98 SELECTING THE SYSTEM ........._....:.,...a.,,,,. , REVIEW OF HARDWAREISOVIV4ARE .. .. .. 100 CPU 101 Peripherals. .... 102 Ma...m Storage Device_s 103 Ivian/Nlachine Interface Devices......... _ . .. ........ ...... , . 105 . °Apart 107 Systems .... EVALUATION 107 ..... =. ...... 108 Turrikg, Synerns . ...... 110 REVI EW OF ocH ER RESOURCES/REWIREMENTS . ..... 112 i MINICOMPUTERS IN FEDERALLIBRAIHES . ..II . .. Physical &pummel , , ,,,, .... 112 Space 112 PowCr 112 No 11 Maintenance 111 ' Personnel Time Frame , `THE HDECISION 11$ Federal ADPPr, °carmen/ :1\7 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS PROJECTS IN FEDERAL INITIATING MINICOMPUTER 117 LIBRARIES 117 THE LIBRARY'S ROLE 117 . I .. THE AGENCY'S ROLE . ..... 1111 1 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ROLE 11 11 ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR OF MINICOMPUTERS TRENDS IN FUTUR APPLICATIONS 1111 IN FEDERAL IiIBRA IES 119 IN CLOSING " ...... .... APPENDIX A. GL ARY........... ....... ...... .. ......... 133 PROCUREMENT OF MINICOMPUTRSYSTEMS .... 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ... vi I PREFACE THE AUDIENCE detailed input to the- system designers. It has been pointed out that often only the staff arc "in a position This book is directed to Federal libraries and th to recognize a serious flaw in an operating procedure. librarians who staff them. The main audience will 6c Unless they have- been given the opportunity to sec library administrators; middle-level managers and what the "purposes are, .they can hardly begin to bring .1Vection heads also ivilIbenefit from this material. Parts out what would otherwise bo only intuitive feelings the book also may be of value for staff training late that 'something's not righ'."? To participate fully and in the development of minicomputer projects.