v^-T~ l A,R UNIVERSITY MAY-JUNE 1966 R ev iew THE PROFESSIONAl JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE T he Bir d ’s-Eye Vlew of Arms Control and Disa r m a m e n t .......................................................2 Lt. Gen. Fred M. Dean, usaf E xercise DEEP FURROW 6 5 ........................................................................................................12 Lt. Gen. Benjamin J. Webster, usaf T he Ch .alle.vge of the Per for ma n c e Spec t r u m for Mil it a r y Air c r a f t .............................. 30 Hans Multhopp T he Jolvt Chiefs of Staff and Defen se Policy F ormulation.................................................40 Vlaj. Lawrence B. Tatum, usaf T he Rise and Fall of the Stuka Div e Bomber............................................................................... 46 Col. William F. Scott, usaf T he \'ext Dec a de in Computer Devel o pmen t ............................................................................... 64 Lt. Col. James E. Hughes, usaf Rellability Analysis..........................................................................................................................................71 Dr. James A. Fraser NATO T actical Air Exercise, Chaumont................................................................................... 76 Lt. Col. Jack E. Barth, usaf Air Force Review Sel l ing Value En c ineer inc —T he USAF Road Show Appr o a c h .....................................81 Col. Stanley E. Allen, usaf In Mv Opinion Promotio.v : A Vie w from the Bottom................................................................................................85 First Lt. Richard W. Elder, usaf T he Junior Officer and His Supervisoh...........................................................................................91 First Lt. Charles P. McDowelI, usaf Books and Ideas T he Per il of Mispl a c ed Loyalties.......................................................................................................93 Maj. Ray L. Bowers, usaf A JOURNALIST Looics AT THE F l T U R E ................................................................................................................................ 97 Dr. Elizabeth Hartsook T he Contrlbutors...............................................................................................................................................101 the cover Address manuscripts to the Editor, Air Uni- In September 1965 personnel of all four U.S. cersity Review, Aerospace Studies Institute, military Services joined Greek and Turkish Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. Printed by the Government Prinhng Office. Washington. forces in NATO’s Exercise DEEP FURROW D.C. Subscríptions are sold by the Air Uni- 65. Lieutenant General Benjamin J. Webster, versity Book Department. Maxwell Air Force who as Commander, AIlied Air Forces South­ Base, Ala.: yearly $4.50. badt isxues 75 ern Europe, played a significant role in the cents. USAF ascinutotc pu b l ic a t io s 50-2. joint exercise, describes it from its incep- tion through the air and amphibious assault phases in Turkey and Greece and offers an Vol. X V n No. 4 May-June 1966 estimate of overall exercise effectiveness. THE BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT L ie u t e n a n t Gen er a l Fred M. D ea n N MATTERS of defense and foreign affairs, third kind of bird among the hawks and the it has become popular to describe policv doves. This one is best described as the “eagle.” Iproposals and recommendations as being And this is a peculiarly American species of polarized around t\vo general outlooks. The eagle. for seized in its talons are both the olive proponents of these two outlooks have come branch of peace and the arrows of armed to be described as “hawks” and “doves.” But, strength. In general terms, the eagles turn out like most collective terms that attempt to gener­ to be much less bellicose than the hawks and alize or oversimplify, these sobriquets are sub- far tougher than the doves. ject to inaccurate if not misleading definition. general outlooks At one extreme, the hawks are depicted as soar- ing boldly in the updrafts from the brink of Before taking up the United States arms war, crying stridently for forceful, positive ac- control and disarmament goals and objectives, tions or responses, wings poised for the plunge. I shall survey briefly what seem to be the gen­ On the other band, the doves are usually con- eral outlooks of the birds on this subject, as I ceived of as fluttering along a timid path have come to understand them. through a thicket of abstract ideas, such as the Generally, the hawks call for “peace U.S. image, world opinion, and intemational through strength.” They are convinced that Iegalities, while uttering gentle cooing calls for military power is the only common, meaning- delicacy of approach, negotiation, and concilia- ful language of intemational relations and that tion—and occasionally resting on a moral pereh. overwhelming superiority of such power is the These are, of course, extreme portravals, only thing that keeps Communist aggression in for the most part greatly overdrawn as well as check. They hold that war is a historie social unflattering and sometimes unfair to the sincer- institution rising from clashes of national self- ity and motives of those to whom the labeis interests among contending nation-states; as may be attached. But these appellations do such, war cannot be abolished, so the best to be serve as useful devices with which to isolate hoped for is to deter it. pros and cons and to identify competing voices, They point with concern to the historie both in and out of the government, that seek failure of previous U.S. and intemational dis­ to influence the course of events. armament efforts and the inadequacy of the This hyperbole of the birds is also apposite League of Nations and United Nations to deal in matters of arms control and disarmament, successfully with security problems, especially because such matters impinge upon both de­ when the interests of the major powers were fense and foreign policy concems. This im- involved. pingement has resulted in the emergence of a In sum, the hawk Outlook is that the pros- 4 AIR UNIVERSITY REVIEW pects for any serious measures on arms control bring the world down. They also consider it and disarmament are of very low probability important that we not overbuild our defensive- for the foreseeable future. Even limited meas­ offensive capabilities to the detriment of other ures may, in fact, be quite dangerous to our components of our national strength, i.e., eco- national seeurity. nomic, social, and political. But they also have What of the doves? Their main premise serious reservations concerning Communist is that the very existence of armaments, par- motives and intentions. With all this, there is tieularly the nuclear arsenais, creates fear and the eonviction that balanced, adequate U.S. intemational tensions which keep the world on strength is indispensable as a basis for any the knife-edge of the “balance of terror.” They hopeful prospects of arms control negotiations contend that fear causes war and that the with the Communist States. At the same time, causes of fear must be sharply reduced before the eagles are willing for the United States to a meaningful solution to intemational differ- negotiate arms control and disarmament possi- ences can materialize. The doves’ approach to bilities whenever our adversaries are willing to alleviation of such causes favors experimenta- talk meaningfully on a rational, quid pro quo tion. basis. At the outer reaches of the dovecote can In essence, the eagles believe that a con- even be heard calls for world govemment as tinuing dialogue should be sustained by the the only wav of resolving conflict between U.S. with its adversaries. The purpose would nation-states, with all military power central- be both to determine the nature of their motives ized under supranational control to police a and intent and to convey to them, as well as rapidly disarmed world. The more thoughtful to friendly and neutral nations, the United and serious-minded doves, however, do not States’ eonviction and sincerity of purpose in press this far but do urge deliberate speed for working for a lessening of tensions and for a changes in the world system to eliminate war slowing down of the arms race through bal­ and reliance upon military power as the arbiter anced, verifiable agreements. in intemational relations. From the discussion thus far, it should be To summarize, the doves hold that, under clear that the eagles represent the collective the urgencies of modern conditions brought on views and actions of the U.S. Govemment. Yet by the collapse of time and space and the vast the reader should not be misled into thinking destructiveness of weapons created by tech- that during the formulation of policy and nology, nations and peoples can and must recommendations the eagles are therefore a change. They argue that the “unthinkable” monolithic body of opinion and judgments, consequences of war at thermonuelear leveis speaking with one voice. It cannot be over- are so exigent that a bold intemational pro- looked that within the span of the govemment gram, led by the United States, must be there are those individuais specifically charged launched to dismantle the modem instruments with responsibility for the size and number of of war. Otherwise, they mournfully conclude, arrows the eagle carries, whereas others are time may run out and, through fear, insecurity, much more