Brinkley, Chapters 2-3 Notes The Founding of Jamestown Brinkley Chapters 2-3 Notes 3 ships set sail for Virginia in 1607. They reached the American coast in the spring of 1607, sailed into Chesapeake Bay and up a river they named the James Chapter 2: The colony was swampy and Transplantations & bordered the land of local Powhatan Indians. Borderlands Early colonists were susceptible to malaria. Futile energy was spent searching for GOLD rather than building a permanent Chapter 3: settlement. No women were sent. Within one year of landing, only Society and Culture 38 of the 104 settlers survived. in Provincial America Jamestown survived largely as a result of Captain John Smith. Smith united the divided colony, and imposed work and order. He organized raids on Indian villages to steal food and kidnap natives. By the summer of 1609, the colony was showing promise of survival. Exchanges of Agricultural Technology Reorganization and Expansion As Jamestown struggled to survive, the London Company (renamed the Virginia Jamestown's survival was largely a result of Company) obtained a new charter from the king, which increased its power and agricultural technologies developed by the enlarged its territory. In the spring of 1609, the Virginia Company dispatched a fleet Indians and borrowed by the English. of 9 vessels with about 600 people to Virginia. Many who reached Jamestown died from fever before winter. The winter of 1609-1610 became known as the “starving time”. The local Indians killed off the Indians grew beans, pumpkins, and maize. The English livestock in the woods and kept the quickly recognized the value of corn, which was easier to colonists barricaded within their colony. cultivate and produced larger yields than any English The colonists lived off what they could grains. They also learned the advantages of growing beans find. alongside corn to enrich the soil. When help arrived they boarded the ship and set sail for England. As the survivors proceeded down the James, they met an English ship coming up the river – part of the Indians also introduced the canoe to colonists which was much better at navigating fleet bringing supplies and the colony’s first governor, Lord De La Warr. The departing the rivers and streams than large English vessls. settlers agreed to return to Jamestown. The effort to turn a profit in Jamestown resumed. The Powhatans Indian War of 1622 The influx of land hungry migrants and conversion-minded ministers sparked conflict with the Indians. Relations had been relatively calm between the groups since the Led by Chief Powhatan Opechancanough - marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe in 1614. Brother of Powhatan By 1618, upon the death of Chief Powhatan, relations soured. Opechancanough, began Saved! Pocahontas - to secretly plan the elimination of the English. In 1622, tribesmen called on the colonists Daughter as if to offer goods for sale - then they suddenly attacked. Took Captain John Smith 347 colonists died but ultimately, the Indians had to retreat. Wars would continue for Saw English as potential allies. Provided captive. years between the two groups. In 1624, shocked by the Indian surprise, King James I Arranged them with corn. In return wanted revoked the VA Co's charter and made it a royal colony. marriage to hatchets, bells, beads, copper, and "two John Rolfe to great guns." He did not get the tribute. The king and his ministers appointed the governor and a small advisory council. The ensure peace House of Burgesses remained, but all legislation had to be approved by the King's Privy with English. Bore a son, Council (group of political advisors). The king also decreed the legal establishment of Thomas. Died Powhatan realized the English did not come to trade the Church of England. Therefore, Virginians had to pay taxes to support the clergy. when she was but "to invade my people and possess my country" 21 in England. when John Rolfe began to plant tobacco. VA became a model for future royal colonies in America. 1 Brinkley, Chapters 2-3 Notes The Founding of Maryland Tobacco in Maryland A second growing tobacco colony, with a very different Like VA, tobacco quickly became the main crop. Europeans began to crave the nicotine in tobacco. set of institutions, developed in neighboring Maryland. European demand for tobacco set off a 40 year economic King Charles I, successor of James I, was secretly boom in the Chesapeake. Exports rose from 3 million pounds sympathetic to Catholics. In 1632 he granted the land in 1640 to 10 million pounds in 1660. known as Maryland to Catholic aristocrat Cecilius Calvert, who carried the title Lord Baltimore. Initially, most plantations were small freeholds, owned and farmed by families. After 1650, wealthy migrants from gentry As the territorial lord (or proprietor) of Maryland, Calvert could sell, lease, or give away or noble families established large estates along the rivers. the land as he pleased. He also had the authority to appoint public officials and to found Indentured servants and eventually African slave labor were churches. used to cultivate the crop. Life in the Chesapeake Lord Baltimore wanted Maryland to become a refuge for Catholics. Led by Leonard Calvert, the founders of Maryland established a colony at St. Mary's City at the point For both the rich and poor, life was harsh. The scarcity of towns deprived settlers of community. where the Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay. There were few women and marriages often ended quickly by the death of the child Quickly after settling, the colonists demanded a representative government. To prevent bearing mother. rebellion, a legislative assembly was created, which passed the Toleration Act of 1649. Orphaned children, along with unmarried young men formed a large segment of society. This was designed to minimize religious confrontations as it allowed all Christians the 60% of children in Middlesex County, Virginia lost one or both parents before they were right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. 13 years old. The Carolinas The Carolinas The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669) legally established the Church of King Charles II initiated new outposts in America by England and prescribed a manorial system, with a mass of serfs governed by a handful authorizing 8 loyal noblemen to settle Carolina, an area of nobles. that had long been claimed by Spain and populated by thousands of Indians. It was a disaster. North Carolina settlers were a mix of poor families and runaway servants from Virginia and English Quakers who saw no difference between a Subsequently, he awarded the just-conquered Dutch "gentlemen and a laborer" colony of New Netherland to his brother James, the Duke of York (who renamed the colony New York). By resisting a series of governors, they forced the proprietors to abandon their dreams of a feudal society. The Restoration colonies (Carolinas, NY, NJ, PA) were proprietorships. Proprietary In South Carolina, the colonists also went their own way. The leading white settlers there colonies were lands granted by the monarchy to one or more proprietors who had full were migrants from the overcrowded sugar-producing island of Barbados, and wanted to governing rights. re-create that island's hierarchical slave society. The Duke of York and his fellow aristocrats in Carolina owned all the land and could They used enslaved workers - both Africans and Indians - to raise cattle and food crops rule their colonies as they wished, provided that their laws conformed broadly to those for export to the West Indies. Carolina merchants opened a lucrative trade in deerskins of England. The Carolina proprietors envisioned a traditional European society. with neighboring Indian peoples. In exchange for rum and guns, the Carolinians' Indian trading partners also provided slaves - captives from other Native American peoples. The Southern Economy Tobacco in Virginia Under the leadership of its first governors, VA survived and expanded. New settlements The Chesapeake (VA & MD): Tobacco = 1st Plantations emerged. The colonists had military protection against the Indians and discovered a new, SC & GA: Rice marketable crop: tobacco. 1612 - John Rolfe cultivated tobacco in VA Rice cultivation was so difficult and unhealthy that Tobacco planting quickly expanded. Needed large white laborers generally refused to perform it. areas of land to grow b/c it exhausted the soil quickly. Demand for land increased rapidly. Colonists Slave labor was in high demand. African workers were adept at established plantations deeper into the interior, rice cultivation, in part because some of them had come from isolating themselves from Jamestown and pushing into rice-producing regions of west Africa and accustomed to the hot, Indian territory. humid climate than Europeans and had a greater immunity to malaria. Dependence on large-scale cash crops produced an economy that was very agricultural based and little industry. Trading in tobacco & rice was handled largely by merchants based in London and, later, in the northern colonies. 2 Brinkley, Chapters 2-3 Notes Tobacco in Virginia First Africans Arrive To entice new workers to VA, the VA Co. established the "headright system." Late August 1619 - a Dutch ship brought in "20 and odd Negroes." Colonists 1st Headrights were 50 acre grants of land. Each new settler received a single headright thought of them as indentured servants. Initially, the use of black labor was limited. for himself or herself. Planters preferred European indentured servants until the 1670s. Africans who labored did so for wealthy plantation owners as indentured servants. This encouraged families to migrate They were not legally enslaved. The English Constitution did not recognize chattel together. More people = more land for slavery - the ownership of human beings as property. the family. The VA Co also transported ironworkers and other skilled craftsmen Boom and Bust Cycle Africans were generally socially mobile to VA to diversify the economy.