GENERAL GERHARD VON SCHARNHORST : MENTOR OF CLAUSEWITZ AND FATHER OF THE PRUSSIAN-GERMAN GENERAL STAFF By Oberstleutnant i.G. Michael Schoy “My career is entirely my work, since I became ten years old.” Scharnhorst, March 1809 Introduction formers that reorganized the Prussian Army in the years between 1807 and 1813, which The character of Prussian General made possible Prussia’s liberation from Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst per- French domination and the recovery of her meates the modern German armed forces. dominant position amongst European states. The Bundeswehr, the Federal Armed Forces A cornerstone of Scharnhorst’s comprehen- of West Germany, was founded with ap- sive programme of reform was the introduc- pointment of the first soldiers in Bonn on 12 tion of a permanent general staff, deeply November 1955, Scharnhorst’s two hun- interwoven with the reorganization of the dredth birthday to the day. The highest military educational system in Prussia. decoration of the former Nationale Volk- sarmee (National People’s Army) of the Indeed, by doing so, Scharnhorst became the German Democratic Republic, introduced in father of the Prussian-German general staff, 1966, was named after Scharnhorst. The an organizational element that was devel- main auditorium at the Officer School of the oped further by his successor as Chief of the German Army in Dresden is named after Prussian General Staff, General August Scharnhorst. In 1989, the then Chief of Neithardt von Gneisenau, and reached its Army Staff, Lieutenant-General Horst temporary climax under Field Marshal Hildebrandt, donated an award according to Helmuth von Moltke. Gneisenau honoured performance, character, and manner to the Scharnhorst’s greatness with the statement: best graduate of the army’s officer courses, “People like to compare me with him, but I the so called Scharnhorstpreis, named after am a pygmy beside this giant, whose mind I the Prussian general. can only admire, never fully comprehend.”1 Why is there so much interest in re- The rise of the Prussian-German membering and honouring the contributions general staff has attracted many authors, of a long dead general of another age? Gen- publications, and studies, especially after eral Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst World War II. The German structure was was an exceptional military intellectual often copied in the military and other thinker and laid the foundations for the de- realms. But, the Prussian-German general velopment of the German armed forces as a staff was more than just an organizational truly professional institution. After the dis- instrument for effective command and con- astrous defeat of the Prussian troops by Na- trol. Rather, the system’s applied working poleon at Jena and Auerstedt in October methods inspired selection, training, and 1806 and the subsequent Peace of Tilsit in education of subsequent general staff and July 1807, Scharnhorst became the intellec- admiral staff officers for later generations. tual and political leader of a group of re- The Bundeswehr’s general staff sys- tem has roots in Scharnhorst’s work and horst: Ausgewählte Schriften (1983), and mind. But what were the characteristics of Hansjürgen Usczeck and Christa Gudzent his comprehensive programme? Are his edited under the title Gerhard von Scharn- principles still applicable today? Does his horst: Ausgewählte militärische Schriften overall concept provide a solution as to how (1986). Another major source for this work an army can face future challenges? Core was several Scharnhorst biographies, of elements of Scharnhorst’s reform of the which four deserve special mention: Rudolf Prussian Army still possess enduring rele- Stadelmann’s Scharnhorst: Schicksal und vance. Scharnhorst recognized that disci- geistige Welt (1952), Reinhard Höhn’s plined intellect was essential to the profes- Scharnhorsts Vermächtnis (1952), Siegfried sion of arms, he encouraged a responsive- Fiedler’s Scharnhorst: Geist und Tat (1958), ness to change within the Prussian officer and Klaus Hornung’s Scharnhorst: Soldat- corps, and he improved the quality of lead- Reformer-Staatsmann (1997). All contain ership on all levels of command by institut- valuable documents relating to Scharnhorst, ing a general staff system. his life, and his work. These sources are complemented by the most comprehensive Scharnhorst’s mind and work must English work, Charles Edward White’s book be analyzed from three distinct perspectives. The Enlightened Soldier: Scharnhorst and The major influences that formed Scharn- the Militärische Gesellschaft in Berlin, horst’s particular intellectual skills and apti- 1801-1805 (1989). tude groomed him to be an advocate of re- form. He lived in tumultuous times, within Scharnhorst — his origin, education and the context of the French Revolution and mind disastrous Prussian defeats at the hands of “My career is entirely my work, Napoleon, both of which gave a great impe- since I became ten years old,” Scharnhorst tus to military reform. Scharnhorst had a told his daughter on a piece of paper when profound influence on the subsequent devel- he was seriously ill in March 1809.2 In fact, opment of military education and staff sys- Scharnhorst’s brilliant career was not auto- tems in Prussia. Clausewitz and other dis- matically the logical consequence of his tinguished pupils internalized the ideas and natural abilities and traits. Throughout his principles of their mentor. The lasting life, he had to overcome numerous obstacles qualities of the Scharnhorst legacy are best and unpredictability. What qualities enabled exemplified in today’s Bundeswehr. Scharnhorst to be one of the main reformers Scharnhorst was a prolific writer of the Prussian state after its collapse in who published many articles and books dur- 1806? In answering this question, his back- ing his thirty-five years of military service. ground and those experiences and incidents Even though having left behind a substantial that predominantly influenced Scharnhorst’s body of work in his writings and papers, military and political thinking, his character Scharnhorst never developed a comprehen- and mind, are significant. sive analysis of his views. Therefore, it be- Gerhard Johann David Scharnhorst comes necessary to reconstruct his military was born on 12 November 1755, in Borde- theory from numerous letters, memoranda, nau, a small village northwest of Hanover, and other papers. The main sources for any the eldest son of Ernst Wilhelm Scharnhorst such endeavour are personal letters and pri- and Friedericke Wilhelmine Tegtmeyer. mary documents, which Ursula Gersdorff Their marriage, however, was against the edited under the title Gerhard von Scharn- will of the family Tegtmeyer who had other horst inherited the Tegtmeyer estate in Bor- plans for their youngest daughter. As the denau by judicial decision.8 He was now a son of a so called “Brinksitzer”3 who had free peasant who owned a former manor and served as “Quartiermeister”4 in a Hanove- was exempted from paying taxes. His social rian dragoon-regiment, the social status of advancement allowed him to think about an the elder Scharnhorst was much below the officer career for his son. In preparation for status of the wealthy and respected free this occupation, Scharnhorst received peasant Tegtmeyer. Only after the illegiti- mathematics lectures by a retired captain in mate birth of Scharnhorst’s elder sister Wil- nearby Schwarmstedt. After passing an ex- helmine did the parents Tegtmeyer finally amina-tion, the almost 18-year-old Scharn- consent to the marriage, which took place in horst entered the military academy of Count the church at Bordenau on 31 August 1752. Wilhelm zu Schaumburg-Lippe near Bücke- However, it took another three years before burg on 19 April 1773. reconciliation occurred. This rapproche- Count Wilhelm (1724-77) was ment only happened when the first son was known as a man whose liberal mind was born and was baptized with the name of his coupled with great culture and dignity, and grandfather, Gerhard Johann David.5 his character was in many aspects a remark- When the old Tegtmeyer died in able one.9 Born in London, he went to 1759, his son-in-law took over his own ten- school in Geneva and studied in Leyden and ancy, in Hämelsee, where Scharnhorst spent Montpellier, where he enjoyed a broad edu- most of his childhood in modest yet difficult cation in the classics.10 circumstances. Two years later, his grand- In 1748, Wilhelm became monarch. mother died and inter-family conflict broke His little principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, out again. The two unmarried sisters of the with a population of 20,000, was the fourth old Tegtmeyer accused the elder Scharn- smallest in Germany. Captivated by the horst of legacy hunting. A bitter legal dis- spirit of an enlightened absolutism, Wilhelm pute over the Tegtmeyer inheritance took introduced numerous changes and reforms more than ten years and consumed most of in his little state to raise the morale of his the earnings and savings of the young and people.11 In addition to these progressive growing family. Later, a friend of Scharn- steps, Wilhelm endeavoured to bring intel- horst at that time described the family life as lectuals and artists to Bückeburg, which determined by legal proceedings.6 In 1765, made the royal seat a centre of science and almost all buildings of the farm were de- culture.12 stroyed by fire and the Scharnhorst’s had to move to a new tenancy, in nearby Bothmer. In military affairs, Wilhelm was an It can be assumed that the constant family autodidact, and a successful and revered strife cast a shadow on Scharnhorst’s youth. one. During the Seven Years’s War (1757- In fact, he never spoke positively about this 63), he commanded the allied artillery of period of his life.7 Prussia, Hanover, England and Schaum- burg-Lippe, and was instrumental in the Under these circumstances, how victory of the coalition troops against France could Scharnhorst develop a mind, which at the battle of Minden on 1 August 1759.