University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2002 Monographic Studies in the Genus Polyporus (Basidiomycotina) Dirk Krueger University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Krueger, Dirk, "Monographic Studies in the Genus Polyporus (Basidiomycotina). " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2002. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2135 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Dirk Krueger entitled "Monographic Studies in the Genus Polyporus (Basidiomycotina)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botany. Dr. Ronald H. Petersen, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Dr. Karen W. Hughes, Dr. Randall S. Small, Dr. Arthur C. Echternacht Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Dirk Krueger entitled “Monographic Studies in the Genus Polyporus (Basidiomycotina).” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botany. Dr. Ronald H. Petersen _____________________________ Ronald H. Petersen, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Dr. Karen W. Hughes _______________________________ Dr. Randall S. Small _______________________________ Dr. Arthur C. Echternacht _______________________________ Acceptance for the Council: Dr. Anne Mayhew ___________________________________ Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) a – prov. MMoonnooggrraapphhiicc SSttuuddiieess iinn tthhee GGeennuuss PPoollyyppoorruuss ((BBaassiiddiioommyyccoottiinnaa)) A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Dirk Krueger August 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the most recent years of my university education, I wish to express my deep gratitude to my major professor, Ronald H. Petersen, and committee members Karen W. Hughes, Randy Small, and Sandy Echternacht. Their help, understanding, and support, also in times when I felt quite overwhelmed by tasks, were invaluable. I have learned a lot from you and was allowed to see more of the world. Dr. Leif Ryvarden is thanked for his expertise, advice and hosting me in Oslo. Equally I wish to thank my fellow labmates and contemporary graduate students Ed Grand, J.-K. Jin, Ed Lickey, Juan-Luis Mata, David Sime, Kunsiri Chaw Siripun “Pum”, and Shannon Thieken for helping out when in need and having a chat once in a while. Furthermore, I wish to thank everybody working at the Botany Department and core Biology Division for their warmth and friendship, particularily the friendly secretarial staff (Virginia Davis, Eileen Hunley, Eunice Turner), Pat Cox, Susan Farmer, Ken McFarland, Victor Ma, Nadya Psurtseva, and Ed Schilling. Also thanked are the great people at the UT Center for International Education. Those colleagues and friends who also helped me get to this stage are given my dearest thanks, and these people include Manfred Binder, Raik Elias, Michael Fischer, Antje Gerloff, Eckard Pscheidl, and Markus Scholler. I know of many more, and I certainly thank all of you! Danke! All those are thanked who supported my quest in learning about fungi and nature since early age, including neighbors, teachers at my schools in Germany, and people at clubs and biological stations. I am indebted to my girlfriend and fellow biologist Gerda’s understanding, help, and love through the second half of my stay at Knoxville. Special thanks to that amazing group of people of all walks of life, the Bagelday gang, who have made some weekends a bit relaxing and helped in many ways. The National Science Foundation is thanked for research support granted to my advisors Ronald H. Petersen and Karen W. Hughes. The Hesler Endowment Fund is thanked for supporting travel. At last, further people are thanked in the individual parts of this thesis. ii ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation research was an examination of the homobasidiomycete genus Polyporus as currently circumscribed. Emphasis was on addressing the genus by a variety of tools appropriate to modern monographic studies, without producing another worldwide monograph. In addition to morphological examination, which traditionally was the basis of all fungal systematics, mating experiments with monokaryotic cultures, and contemporary phylogenetic tools were used. For P. alveolaris, P. arcularius, P. badius, P. brumalis, P. ciliatus, P. dictyopus, P. guianensis, P. melanopus, P. tubaeformis, P. tuberaster, P. tricholoma, P. umbellatus, and P. varius a tetrapolar mating system was confirmed. Intercollection mate recognition was tested in P. alveolaris, P. arcularius, P. brumalis, P. ciliatus, P. tubaeformis, P. tuberaster, P. tricholoma, and P. varius. In both P. varius and P. tubaeformis cultures from European and North American collections were found to be compatible. In P. tricholoma, the existence of at least two cryptic biological species entities was found to be contained under the species epithet, whereas in P. alveolaris there may also be cryptic species. The type specimen of P. tricholoma was studied and one of the P. tricholoma cryptic species selected to represent P. tricholoma proper. Sequence analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA were utilized to elucidate relationships of Polyporus and allied genera. With large subunit (nLSU) data, the genus Polyporus was found to be non-inclusive under current limits. The infrageneric group Polyporellus was transferred into an emended genus Lentinus, which traditionally was a genus of gilled fungi. The thelephoroid-hydnoid fungus Mycobonia flava was transferred into Polyporus. Investigation of relationships of infrageneric groups in Polyporus revealed ITS region rDNA template heterogeneity, supported groups seen in nLSU analyses, and was able to differentiate morphological or biological species. Specific primers and RFLP markers for P. tricholoma were evaluated for identification of cryptic species, but were rather successful in uncovering rDNA copy heterogeneity. As a consequence of molecular data and nomenclatural considerations, a new subgenus Favoliporus was proposed to absorb infrageneric groups Favolus and Admirabilis. Keywords: Aphyllophorales, arthroconidia, classification, dimitic construction, homobasidiomycetes, mating studies, phylogeny, poroid hymenophore, taxonomy, stipitate polypores. Address: Dirk Krüger, University of Tennessee, Department of Botany, 437 Hesler Biology Bldg., Knoxville TN 37996. E-mail: [email protected]. Image on title page: Polyporus alveolaris. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1. OVERVIEW.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 SYNOPSIS OF THESIS PARTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Polyporus & allied genera--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Infrageneric group Polyporellus-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Polyporus tricholoma complex --------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Polyporus infrageneric groups Melanopus & Dendropolyporus---------------------------------------3 Polyporus infrageneric group Polyporus--------------------------------------------------------------------4 Polyporus infrageneric group Favolus ----------------------------------------------------------------------4 TERMS & NEW METHODS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 New techniques & definitions----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Philosophy of applying the terminology of clades and relationship groups ------------------------4 LITERATURE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 PART 2. ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS OF POLYPORUS AND RELATED GENERA (BASIDIOMYCOTINA).--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 MATERIALS & METHODS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Collections & microscopy---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 DNA extraction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------