MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE O. M. BEKETOV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY of URBAN ECONOMY in KHARKIV Methodological guidelines for independent work on the subject “COURSE NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE” (for 2d-year full-time and part-time students educational level “Bachelor” specialty 035 – Philology) Kharkiv – O. M. Beketov NUUE – 2020 1 Methodological Guidelines for Independent Work on the Subject “Course Notes on the History of English Language” (for 2d-year full-time and part-time students educational level “Bachelor” specialty 035 – Philology) / O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv ; com. : T. M. Starostenko. – Kharkiv : O. M. Beketov NUUE, 2020. – 83 p. Compiler T. M. Starostenko Reviewers Cand. of Philological Science O.L. Illenko, Cand. of Pedagogical Science O.V. Marina Recommended by the department of Foreign Languages, record № 2 on 30.09.2019 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 4 LECTURE 1. ‘WHERE DOES ENGLISH COME FROM?’ OR THE DAWN OF BRITISH HISTORY”………………………………………………………. 6 LECTURE 2. THE PHILOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ……………………………………………....................................... 16 LECTURE 3. THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD: THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL…..................................................................................................... 26 LECTURE 4. MODERNITY AND THE RISE OF A NATIONAL LANGUAGE 32 LECTURE 5. THE ORIGINS AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR ………………………………………………………….. 40 LECTURE 6. THE SYNTACTICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE, ITS DYNAMICS AND THE PROCESS OF GRAMMATICALIZATION……………………………………………………… 62 LECTURE 7. LANGUAGE CONTACTS. THE COLONIAL AND POSTCOLONIAL EXPERIENCE......................................................................... 67 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS…………………………………………………. 80 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………. 82 3 INTRODUCTION A History of the English language is a discipline, retracing the origins, the phonetic system, grammatical structure and vocabulary of the English language at different stages of its development. A History of the English Language aims to equip students with the skills, insights and appropriate theoretical approaches necessary to analyse and describe changes in the structure of the English language from the earliest written records to the present day. A History of the English language is based on the History of England, investigating the development of the language in connection with the actual conditions in which the English people lived in the several periods of their history. The course has strong ties with theoretical phonetics, theoretical grammar, and lexicology. It shows phonetic, grammatical, and lexical phenomena as they developed, and states the origins of the present day system. The subject covers the history of the English language and the variation between English dialects in the United Kingdom and further afield. The alterations within the language system are traced within the influence of extralinguistic factors (such as historic events, social fluctuations, wars, conquests, migrations, cultural contacts), and internal causes or intralinguistic reasons, responcible for the changes within the language itself, its phonetics, grammar, etc. The course covers all major historical events, which had an impact on English, starting with ancient Celtic language, Roman, French and until the creation of new forms of English, and includes a part dedicated to the English accents. The discipline will help to widen the students’ outlook on history, geography and language. It teaches cultural awareness and helps to understand sophisticated layers of English grammar, vocabulary and spelling. The historical development of the language is viewed both synchronically (the study of a language at a given point in time) and diachronically (the study of a language over a period of time). The basic method is comparative-historical, which enables the researcher to study various phenomena of the language development from the point of view of evolution and in comparison with the phenomena of other languages. By the end of the course students should be able to: - demonstrate a thorough understanding of diachronic changes in English from Old English to Present Day English, and the ability to situate those in their socio-political contexts; - develop the linguistic skills required in close analysis of individual words and other texts; - demonstrate a critical understanding of different and sometimes conflicting approaches to the study of the history of the English language; - display the ability to use the primary and secondary sources provided and collected through independent reading as supportive documents in exploring evidence of language change and / or the ideology that has influenced the development of the English language. 4 Assessment Criteria. By the end of the course students should demonstrate: - The ability to identify examples of linguistic change in semantics, lexis, phonology, syntax and orthographics. - An understanding of how these linguistic changes might be related to historical context, particularly in terms of relevant socio-political factors. - The ability to work independently, and critically evaluate the linguistic concepts and methodology covered on the course. 5 Lecture 1 ‘WHERE DOES ENGLISH COME FROM?’ or THE DAWN OF BRITISH HISTORY 1. What counts as English? 2. Who were the earliest men on the territory of the British Isles? What languages were spoken in the Ancient period of British History before the introduction of Old English? Where did English come from? 3. What are the main periods in the development of the English language? 4. What were the key historical events that shaped the history of English? Only a few centuries ago, the English language consisted of a collection of dialects spoken mainly by monolinguals and only within the shores of a small island. They differ from modern English in terms of its vocabulary, word meaning and spelling, pronunciation and grammar, as well as in the ways they were used. The English language of today reflects many centuries of development. The political and social events that have in the course of English history so profoundly affected the English people in their national life have generally had a recognizable effect on their language. The history of the English language has traditionally been divided into three main periods: Table 1. The periods in the development of the English Language Historical Dates and Events Linguistic Classification Classification (suggested by Henry Sweet) 0 Ancient (pre- before the 5th century A.D. English) period Iberians (the prehistoric inhabitants of the ______ British islands (pre-Celtic people)) (about 3000 years B.C.) Celts (700 B.C. - 43 A.D.) Romans (43A.D. - 409 A.D.) Romanized Celts (410 A.D.) Old English 5th-11th centuries The period of 1 (Anglo-Saxon) full inflections period 1) In 449 AD, Germanic tribes (The Angles, the Saxons and, the Jutes) raided the country and settled into the British Isles. 2) The period of Heptarchy, when 7 Germanic kingdoms were formed: Sussex, Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia and Kent. 3) The end of the 6th century – 7th century – the introduction of Christianity in Britain and foundation of monasteries in Northumbria, in northern England. The period 6 of Northumbrian religious and cultural efflorescence. 4) 700 AD – the oldest surviving text of Old English literature is Cædmon's Hymn, composed between 658 and 680. 5) 8th -9th century – Viking raids. Scandinavian invasion. 6) 878 – Battle of Edington, in which Alfred triumphs over Vikings and agrees on areas of Scandinavian settlement, later known as ‘Danelaw’. 7) From 890 – production of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 8) 927 – Aethelstan unites the Anglo- Saxon Heptarchy into the Kingdom of England. 9) 10 August, 991 – Battle of Maldon: Danes defeat the English army. Payment of Danegeld. 10) 1000 – the date of the Beowulf manuscript, the earliest major long poem in English 11) 1016 – Cnut the Great of Denmark becomes the king of all England. 12) 1043 – Edward the Confessor becomes the king of all England. Middle English 11th -15th (1066-1475) The period of 2 period leveled 1) 5 January, 1066 – the death of Edward inflections the Confessor, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. 2) 14 October, 1066 – the Battle of Hastings between the coalition of northern French forces and the joint English forces. The Norman Conquest. English emigration to Scotland, Ireland, or Scandinavia. 3) The introduction of Anglo-Norman, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English. 4) 1362- The Parliament is addressed for the first time in English, but the records are still kept in French. 5) 1384 – John Wycliffe’s translation of the Bible completed. It was coped in manuscript and read by many people all over the country. Written in the London dialect, it played an important role in spreading this form of English. 7 6) 1387-1400 – The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English. Chaucer’s literary language, based on the mixed (largely East Midland) London dialect, and known as classical ME, in the 15th and 16th c. becomes the basis of the national literary English language. 7) 1475 – Printing of The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye by William Caxton (his own translation of the account of the Trojan legends) in Bruges – the first book to be