doi: 10.15503/jecs2021.1.32.44 32 Ethics Bernard Bolzano’s philosophical conception of education from a modern standpoint Andrii Synytsia )DFXOW\RI3KLORVRSK\,YDQ)UDQNR1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI/YLY 8QLYHUV\WHWVND/YLY8NUDLQH E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-7187 Abstract Aim.7KHDLPRIWKHDUWLFOHLVWRDQDO\VH%HUQDUG%RO]DQR·VSKLORVRSKLFRHGXFDWLR QDODSSURDFKJLYHQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIKLVSHGDJRJLFDOOHJDF\IRUIXUWKHUSURJUHVVLQWKH ÀHOGRIHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJ Methods.7KHUHVHDUFKXVHVPHWKRGVRIKLVWRULFRSKLORVRSKLFDOUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ WR GHWHUPLQHWKHIRXQGDWLRQVDQGIHDWXUHVRI%RO]DQR·VSHGDJRJLFRSKLORVRSKLFDOZRUN LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ WRFKDUDFWHULVHWKHVWLOOUHOHYDQWLGHDVRIWKHWKLQNHULQWKHÀHOGRIHGXFD WLRQ DQGFULWLFDODQDO\VLV WRDVVHVVWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRI%RO]DQR·VOHJDF\IURPWKHVWDQG SRLQWRIPRGHUQHGXFDWLRQDOWKHRU\DQGWRSRLQWRXWZKDWUHPDLQHGRXWRIWKHUHVHDU FKHUV·DWWHQWLRQ Results. 7KH VWXG\ VKRZHG WKDW %RO]DQR·V SHGDJRJLFDO LGHDV ZHUH QRW RQO\ LQ GHPDQGLQWKHFRQWH[WRI(XURSHDQFXOWXUHRIWKHHDUO\;,;FHQWXU\EXWDOVRSURYHG UHOHYDQWWRGD\HVSHFLDOO\JLYHQWKHQHHGIRUKDUPRQLRXVSHUVRQDOGHYHORSPHQWÀQ GLQJVRXUFHVRILQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLQVWXGHQWVDQGLPSURYLQJWKHLUORJLFDOWKLQNLQJ VNLOOVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVSLULWXDOTXDOLWLHVRIWKHWHDFKHUDQG²LQJHQHUDO²WKHDVVL VWDQFHRIWKHVWDWHLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHSURJUHVVRIHGXFDWLRQDVWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYH PHDQVRITXDOLWDWLYHFKDQJHLQVRFLHW\ Conclusion.%HUQDUGR%RO]DQR·VSKLORVRSKLFDOFRQFHSWLRQRIHGXFDWLRQZDVVWURQ JO\LQÁXHQFHGE\UHOLJLRQWKHLGHDVRIWKHODWH(QOLJKWHQPHQWDQGWKHODWH-RVHÀQLVW 7KLVFRQFHSWLRQZDVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIKLVVRFLRSROLWLFDOWKHRU\%RO]DQRDWWDFKHGJUHDW LPSRUWDQFHWRWKHVWXG\RISKLORVRSK\DQGWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIORJLFDOVNLOOVLQHGXFD WLRQ+HFRQVLGHUHGZULWLQJWH[WERRNVWREHRQHRIWKHFRUQHUVWRQHVRIWKHHGXFDWLRQDO SURFHVV7KLVPDGHLWSRVVLEOHWRLQWHQVLI\FRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWHDFKHUVDQGVWX GHQWVWRJUDGXDOO\LQYROYHHYHU\RQHLQHGXFDWLRQDQGWKXVWRSURPRWHVRFLDOSURJUHVV LQJHQHUDO Key words: SKLORVRSK\ RI HGXFDWLRQ ORJLF WH[WERRN FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WHDFKHUDQGVWXGHQWV%HUQDUG%RO]DQR·VSHGDJRJLFDOLGHDV -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 33 Introduction HUQDUG %RO]DQR ² LV EHVW NQRZQ IRU KLV JURXQGEUHDNLQJ LGHDV BLQ PDWKHPDWLFDO ORJLF VFLHQWLÀF VHPLRWLFV ORJLFDO VHPDQWLFV DQG KHXUL VWLFV0RVWRIWKHPUHPDLQHGXQNQRZQIRUDORQJWLPHDQGZHUHUHGLVFRYHUHG ZLWKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVFLHQFHDQGSKLORVRSK\LQWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\7KH GHSWKRIWKHVHLGHDVJDYHULVHWR'DJÀQQ)¡OOHVGDOLQWKHODWHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ WREROGO\VD\WKDW%RO]DQR¶ZDVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWKLQNHUVRIKLVWLPH DQGRQHRIWKHPRVWXQLYHUVDOO\WDOHQWHGSKLORVRSKHUV « · )¡OOHVGDO S 0LFKDHO%HDQH\FRQVLGHUV%RO]DQRDVRQHRIWKHIRUHUXQQHUVRIDQDO\WLF SKLORVRSK\DQG²DPRQJWKHPDLQHYHQWVRILWVHDUO\KLVWRU\²KHLQFOXGHV WKHDSSHDUDQFHRIKLV¶&RQWULEXWLRQV«· ZKLFKFRQWDLQHGDFULWLTXHRI .DQW·VGLVWLQFWLRQRIDpriori/a posterioriWKHIRXUYROXPH¶7KHRU\RI6FLHQFH· DQG ¶3DUDGR[HV RI WKH ,QÀQLWH· ZKLFK DQWLFLSDWHV PHDQLQJIXO LGHDVRIDODWHUVHWWKHRU\ %HDQH\SS &RQVLGHULQJWKDWWKH¶*HVDPWDXVJDEH·SURMHFWWRSXEOLVK%RO]DQR·VOHJDF\LV VWLOORQJRLQJ VHH Bolzano: GesamtausgabeII DQGWKDWPDQ\YROXPHVDZDLW SXEOLFDWLRQLWLVFOHDUWKDWWKHLPSDFWRIKLVLGHDVZLOOEHHYHQJUHDWHUQRWRQO\ LQORJLF7KLVLVPRVWO\HPSKDVLVHGE\UHVHDUFKHUVVXFKDV3HWHU06LPRQV 6LPRQV RU(WWRUH&DVDUL &DVDUL $OVRKLVLPSDFWLVYLVLEOHLQWKH ÀHOG RI VRFLRSROLWLFDO OLIH DQG HVSHFLDOO\ LQ SHGDJRJ\ WKH WKHRUHWLFRSKLOR VRSKLFDO DVSHFWV RI ZKLFK KH KDV EHHQ DFWLYHO\ GHYHORSLQJ VLQFH KH VWDUWHG WHDFKLQJDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3UDJXH+RZHYHUWKHUHLVVWLOOQRSURSHUDVVHV VPHQWRIKLVOHJDF\LQWKHÀHOGRISKLORVRSK\RIHGXFDWLRQZKLFKLVPRVWO\ VHHQDVSDUWRIKLVVRFLRSROLWLFDOWKHRU\ 6LUĪĀHN äHWHN 1RWDEO\WKH LGHDVRISHGDJRJ\DUHHVVHQWLDOLQKLV¶7KHRU\RI6FLHQFH· %RO]DQR DQG LQWKHOLEHUDOWKHRU\RIWKHLGHDOVWDWH %RO]DQR RUHYHQLQSKLORVRSKLFDO FRQFHSWLRQ VHHIRUH[DPSOH%RO]DQR 7RDQDO\]H%HUQDUG%RO]DQR·VYLHZVRQHGXFDWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\WHDFKLQJDQG XSEULQJLQJ IURPDPRGHUQSKLORVRSKLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHLWZLOOEHFODULÀHGXQGHU ZKDWFRQGLWLRQVKLVSKLORVRSKLFDOFRQFHSWLRQRIHGXFDWLRQZDVIRUPHGZKDW SODFHWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVRFFXSLHGLQWKHVRFLDOOLIHZKDWSHGDJRJLFDOWDVNVRI SKLORVRSK\DQGORJLFKHVLQJOHGRXWDQGKRZKHFKDUDFWHULVHGWKHPDLQZD\V RISUHVHQWLQJNQRZOHGJHLQWKHWH[WERRNVDVZHOODVZKDWWKHNH\IHDWXUHVRI FRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWHDFKHUDQGVWXGHQWVZHUH Socio-political background of the philosophical concept of education 7RFKDUDFWHULVHWKHVRXUFHVRI%RO]DQR·VSKLORVRSK\RIHGXFDWLRQVHYHUDO WKLQJVQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHG)LUVWO\LWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWUHOLJLRQSOD\HG DQHVVHQWLDOUROHLQKLVOLIHKHFDPHIURPDIDPLO\RI3UDJXHSULHVWVDQGZDV EURXJKWXSLQDUHOLJLRXVVSLULWLQSDUWLFXODUKHDWWHQGHG3LDULVW*\PQDVLXP LQ3UDJXH DQGWKHQKHEHFDPHDVWXGHQWDW&KDUOHV8QLYHUVLW\RI 3UDJXHZKHUHKHÀUVWVWXGLHGSKLORVRSK\ORJLFDQGPDWKHPDWLFVDQGÀQDOO\ 34 Ethics LQ²KHEHFDPHDWKHRORJLDQ$IWHUWKDWDWWKHVDPHXQLYHUVLW\%RO ]DQREHJDQKLVWHDFKLQJFDUHHUFRPELQLQJKLVLQWHUHVWVLQSKLORVRSK\DQGWKH RORJ\ZLWKPDWKHPDWLFDOVWXGLHV7KHFKRLFHRISURIHVVLRQRIWKHWKHRORJLDQ VHHPHGWRKLPPRUHSHUVSHFWLYHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKPDWKHPDWLFVFRQVLGH ULQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRLQÁXHQFHHGXFDWLRQRI\RXWKE\PHDQVRISXEOLFVSH HFKHV %RO]DQR +HGHOLYHUHGDERXWDWKRXVDQGVXFKVSHHFKHV NQRZQ DV6XQGD\VHUPRQV 7KH\FRQFHUQHGWRSLFDOVRFLDOSROLWLFDOHGXFDWLRQDODQG UHOLJLRXVLVVXHVRIWKHWLPHDQGKDGDVLJQLÀFDQWLPSDFWRQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKH ZRUOGYLHZRI\RXQJSHRSOHDQGWKHDZDNHQLQJRIWKH&]HFKQDWLRQDOFRQVFLR XVQHVV %RO]DQR 6HFRQGO\%RO]DQR·VRZQYLHZVZHUHLQÁXHQFHGE\WKHSKLORVRSKLFDOLGHDV RIWKHODWH(QOLJKWHQPHQW+HZDVÀUPO\FRQYLQFHGRIWKHSRZHURIORJLFDQG UHDVRQKHHPSKDVLVHGWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRISKLORVRSK\DVDPHDQVRILQWHOOL JHQWXSEULQJLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQDQGKHSRLQWHGWRWKHQHHGIRUUDWLRQDOUHVWUXF WXULQJRIVRFLHW\DQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIFLYLOULJKWVDQGKXPDQIUHHGRPV %RO]DQROHDUQHGPDQ\RIKLVHQOLJKWHQPHQWLGHDVIURPWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRI WKHVRFDOOHG/HLEQL]:ROIVFKRROHVSHFLDOO\IURP,PPDQXHO.DQW+RZHYHU GHVSLWHWKHSRSXODULW\RI.DQWLDQLVP%RO]DQRH[SUHVVHGFULWLFDOYLHZVDERXW LW,QSDUWLFXODULQWKHÀUVWERRNRI¶7KHRU\RI6FLHQFH· ¶7KHRU\RI)XQGDPHQ WDOV· KHFULWLFLVHGWKHFRQFHSWRIWUXWKLWVHOIDQGDUJXHGWKDWWKHWUXWKFDQEH NQRZQ$QGLIVRWKHQ.DQW·VDJQRVWLFLVPLVZURQJDQGKLVGLYLVLRQRIMXGJ PHQWVLQWRDQDO\WLFDQGV\QWKHWLFRQHVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGFOHDUO\LQFRPSOHWH VHHDOVR%RO]DQR ,QDGGLWLRQ%RO]DQRVLQJOHGRXWORJLFRDQDO\WLF MXGJPHQWVWKHPHDQLQJRIZKLFKGHSHQGVRQWKHLUQRQORJLFDOHOHPHQWV VHH DOVR'XELVODY ,QWKLVFULWLTXHRI.DQW·VYLHZVRQHFDQDOVRVHHWKHIRU PDWLRQRILGHDVRIQRQFODVVLFDOSKLORVRSK\PDQLIHVWHGLQWKHVHDUFKIRUQHZ DSSURDFKHVWRVROYLQJWUDGLWLRQDOSKLORVRSKLFDOSUREOHPVDQDO\VLVRIWKHSDUD GR[HVRIWKHLQÀQLWHEH\RQGWKHUDWLRQDOSDUDGLJPVRIUHDOLW\ %RO]DQR 7KLVFULWLFDOLW\ZDVDOVRRQHRIWKHWKHRUHWLFRPHWKRGRORJLFDOSULQFLSOHVLQWKH ÀHOGRIHGXFDWLRQEHFDXVHWKHWHDFKHUDOZD\VKDGWRFOHDUO\FKHFNWKHYDOLGLW\ RINQRZOHGJHEHIRUHWHDFKLQJLWWRRWKHUV2QO\UDWLRQDODUJXPHQWVZHUHUHFR JQLVHGDVZRUWK\RIEHLQJFRPPXQLFDWHGWRRWKHUVLQWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVV $WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHIRUPDWLRQRI%RO]DQR·VZRUOGYLHZZDVLQÁXHQFHGE\ WKHVRFLRSROLWLFDORUGHURIWKH+DEVEXUJPRQDUFK\ZKLFKÀUPO\HVWDEOLVKHG LWVSRVLWLRQLQ&HQWUDODQG(DVWHUQ(XURSH+HZDVLPSUHVVHGE\WKHLGHDVRI ODWH-RVHÀQLVWDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVRFLDOUHIRUPVZDV SRVVLEOH WKURXJK HGXFDWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH WKURXJK UDWLRQDO DUJXPHQWV DQG ORJLFDO FRQFOXVLRQV ,W ZDV HVVHQWLDO WR KLP WKDW WKH WUXWKV RI UHOLJLRQ ZHUH XQGHUVWRRG$V3DYHO6LUĪĀHNDQG-DURVODYäHWHNQRWH¶>%RO]DQR@VRXJKWWKH OHJLWLPDF\RIUHOLJLRXVEHOLHIVE\DGYRFDWLQJPRUDOEHQHÀWVWKURXJKSUDJPDWLF DUJXPHQWV· 6LUĪĀHN äHWHNS 6XFKSUDJPDWLVPZDVREYLRXVO\GXH WRWKHLQWHQWLRQRQWKHRQHKDQGWRSUHVHUYHDQGLPSURYHWKHPRUDORUGHURI VRFLHW\DQGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGWRLQÁXHQFHLQWHOOHFWXDOFLUFOHVZLWKUHDOLVWLF DQGUDWLRQDODUJXPHQWV2IFRXUVHVXFKDSUDJPDWLFDSSURDFKZDVGXHWRWKH QHHGWRFRPELQHWKHUDQNRISULHVWDQGWKHZRUNDWDVWDWHXQLYHUVLW\ -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB 35 7KLVZDVQRWDOZD\VDSSURYHGE\RIÀFLDOVDQGFOHULFV,QIDFWLWZDVSULQFL SDOIRU%RO]DQRWRWHDFKWKHLGHDOVRIVRFLDOMXVWLFHIUHHGRPDQGHTXDOLW\DQGWR XSKROGWKHLGHDVRIDEVWUDFWKXPDQLVPDQGXWRSLDQVRFLDOLVPDQGWKHDWWHPSWV RIVRFLDOHTXDOLW\E\RIÀFLDOVZHUHSHUFHLYHGDVUHYROXWLRQDU\DQGDVDUHMHFWLRQ RI VWDWHDSSURYHG XQLYHUVLW\ VWDQGDUGV ,Q WXUQ WKH FOHUJ\ H[SHFWHG KLP WR PRUHDFWLYHO\GHIHQGWKHXVXDOVSLULWXDOZD\VRIOLIHZKHUHLWZDVQRWDOZD\V SRVVLEOHWRFRPELQHWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVRIWHFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVVDQGVFLHQFH %RO]DQRRQWKHFRQWUDU\LQWHUSUHWHGUHOLJLRQDVLQVHSDUDEOHIURPWKHWUXWKVRI UHDVRQ,Q%RO]DQR·VUHIRUPLVWYLHZVOHGWRKLVGLVPLVVDOIURPWKH8QLYHU VLW\RI3UDJXH 6LUĪĀHN äHWHNS ZLWKDVXEVHTXHQWSURKLELWLRQRQ SXEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQSXEOLFVSHDNLQJDQGSXEOLVKLQJ+RZHYHUWKLVGLGQRW SUHYHQWKLPIURPIXUWKHUXQLWLQJRIFUHDWLYH\RXWKDURXQGKLVLGHDVÀQGLQJ QHZVXSSRUWHUVDQGLQÁXHQFLQJWKHSKLORVRSKLFDOLGHDVRIODWHUWKLQNHUV²LQ SDUWLFXODU(GPXQG+XVVHUO +XHPHU .D]LPLHU]7ZDUGRZVNL 6LPRQV S6\Q\WVLDS )UDQ]%UHQWDQR7RPDV0DVDU\NDQGRWKHU VXSSRUWHUVRIWKH$XVWULDQSKLORVRSKLFDOWUDGLWLRQWKDWLQÁXHQFHGWKHVFLHQWLÀF ZRUOGYLHZRI/XGZLJ:LWWJHQVWHLQ2WWR1HXUDWKDQG.DUO3RSSHU =GHQHN Education and the state 7KHLQWHUHVWLQKLVLGHDVZDVIDFLOLWDWHGQRWRQO\E\WKHLUGHSWKEXWDOVR E\ %RO]DQR·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·VSULYDWHSURSHUW\EHQHÀWVWKHFRPPXQLW\ WKDWULJKWLVDJXDUDQWHHGSXEOLFYDOXH+RZHYHUDSHUVRQPD\EHGHSULYHGRI WKHULJKWWRRZQWKHWKLQJZKLFKRQWKHRQHKDQGLVFOHDUO\VXSHUÁXRXVDQG LQYDOXDEOHIRUWKHPEXWRQWKHRWKHUKDQGPD\EHQHHGHGE\RWKHUSHRSOH 7KLVLVRIFRXUVHVRPHZKDWSDUDGR[LFDO+RZHYHULQWKHUHDOLWLHVRIWKHWLPH ZKHQRUGLQDU\SHRSOHZHUHRQO\EHJLQQLQJWRUHDOLVHWKHLUSRZHUDQGÀJKWIRU SROLWLFDOULJKWVVXFKVWDWHPHQWVFRXOGLPSUHVVWKHP)URPWKHVWDQGSRLQWRI