History 7: Medieval Europe March 30 - April 3 Time Allotment: 30 minutes per day Student Name: __________________________ Teacher Name: __________________________ History 7: Medieval Europe March 30-April 3 Packet Overview Date Objective(s) Page Number Monday, March 30 1. Explain why Charlemagne brought neighboring 2 barbarian tribes under Frankish dominion. Tuesday, March 31 1. Contrast the causes and effects of Charlemagne’s 6 coronation by Pope Leo III. Wednesday, April 1 1. Compare Charlemagne’s personal faith and 10 intellectual life with his reforms of the Catholic Church and the Education system. Thursday, April 2 1. Construct an essay arguing about the motivations 14 for Charlemagne’s actions. Friday, April 3 1. You will find it when you get there. Experience 16 wonder by not skipping ahead, but completing the packet in the order it is in. :) Academic Honesty I certify that I completed this assignment I certify that my student completed this independently in accordance with the GHNO assignment independently in accordance with Academy Honor Code. the GHNO Academy Honor Code. Student signature: Parent signature: ___________________________ ___________________________ Additional Notes: Be sure to complete the packet in the proper order and not to skip around, as the order provided is intended to maximize WONDER! 1 History 7: Medieval Europe March 30-April 3 Monday, March 30 History Unit: The Rise of the Frankish Kingdom Lesson 4: Charlemagne’s War with the Saxons (772-803) Lesson 4 Socratic Guiding Question: Keep this question in mind as you study! Why was Charlemagne at war every spring with the Saxons? Objective: Be able to do this by the end of this lesson. 1. Explain why Charlemagne brought neighboring barbarian tribes under Frankish dominion. Introduction to Lesson 4 Charles the Great (Charlemagne) was the son of Pepin the Short and the most famous of the Carolingian Kings. During his reign as King of the Franks, Charlemagne waged war with neighboring tribes of Germanic barbarians in order to subdue them and create a larger kingdom to be ruled by the Franks. He was able to conquer the Visigoths in northern Spain, the Bavarians in the region of the upper Danube, and the Lombards in the Po Valley. The Saxons, however, proved a much tougher test. A fierce and obstinate group, the Saxons would agree to peace terms or flee only to become belligerent (war-like) once again the following year. From 772-803, Charlemagne engaged in at least eighteen campaigns against the resistant Saxons, who would first fight the Franks and then surrender or flee their enemy. Look at the map and read the account below. Charlemagne’s War Against the Saxons Answer the following question based upon the map found below. 1. Highlight or circle the locations conquered by Charlemagne. Then list their names below. __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ 2 History 7: Medieval Europe March 30-April 3 Directions: Read and answer the questions about the primary source below. Source—Einhard, Vita Caroli Magni, Chap. 7. No war ever undertaken by the Frankish nation was carried on with such persistence and bitterness, or cost so much labor, because the Saxons, like almost all the tribes of Germany, were a fierce people, given to the worship of devils and hostile to our religion, and did not consider it dishonorable to transgress and violate all law, human and divine. Then there were peculiar circumstances that tended to cause a breach of peace every day. Except in a few places, where large forests or mountain-ridges intervened and made the boundaries certain, the line between ourselves and the Saxons passed almost in its whole extent through an open country, so that there was no end to the murders, thefts, and arsons on both sides. In this way the Franks became so embittered that they at last resolved to make reprisals no longer, but to come to open war with the Saxons. Accordingly, war was begun against them, and was waged for thirty-three successive years with great fury; more, however, to the disadvantage of the Saxons than of the Franks. It could doubtless have been brought to an end sooner, had it not been for the faithlessness of the Saxons. It is hard to say how often they were conquered, and, humbly submitting to the king, promised to do what was enjoined upon them, gave without hesitation the required hostages, and received the officers sent them from the king. They were sometimes so much weakened and reduced that they promised to renounce the worship of devils and to adopt Christianity; but they were no less ready to violate these terms than prompt to accept them, so that it is impossible to tell which came easier to them to do; scarcely a year passed from the beginning of the war without such changes on their part. But the king did not suffer his high purpose and steadfastness—firm alike in good and evil fortune—to be wearied by any fickleness on their part, or to be turned from the task that he had undertaken; on the contrary, he never allowed their faithless behavior to go unpunished, but either took the field against them in person, or sent his counts with an army to wreak vengeance and exact righteous satisfaction. At last, after conquering and subduing all who had offered resistance, he took ten thousand of those who lived on the banks of the Elbe, and settled them, with their wives and children, in many different bodies here and there in Gaul and Germany. The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to (acceptance of) terms offered by the king, which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian religion, and union with the Franks to form one people. 3. According to the biographer Einhard in his Vita Caroli Magni, who did the Saxons worship? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What does Einhard say was the cause of war? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. At the end of the reading, what does Einhard say were the three conditions which were demanded by the Franks and must be fulfilled by the Saxons to end the war? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3 History 7: Medieval Europe March 30-April 3 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Concluding interpretive questions: Why did Charlemagne go to war with the Saxons? In what ways might it have been beneficial to the Franks for the Saxons to become Christians? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4 History 7: Medieval Europe March 30-April 3 Tuesday, March 31 History Unit: The Rise of the Frankish Kingdom Lesson 5: The Coronation of Charlemagne Lesson 5 Socratic Guiding Question: Keep this question in mind as you study! What does it symbolically mean for a pope to crown an emperor? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a united Church and State? Objective: Be able to do this by the end of this lesson. 1. Explain the causes and effects of Charlemagne’s coronation by Pope Leo III. Introduction to Lesson 5 By the late 700s, the pope in Rome was not only a spiritual leader, but he was also a political leader. He was the ruler of a small area in Italy called the Papal States, which you may remember had been given to him by Pepin the Short. “Papal” means “of or belonging to the pope”. The Papal States were being threatened by a group of barbarians in Northern Italy called the Lombards. The Lombards were Arians, so they did not like the pope. The pope is having great difficulty defending his land from the Lombards. What can he do? Let’s pause here and look at a map of Europe at the time. Europe in the 8th Century Directions: Look at this map and answer the questions on the next page. 5 History 7: Medieval Europe March 30-April 3 1. Describe the size and location of the Frankish Empire in 768: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Where is the Kingdom of the Lombards located in relation to the Papal States? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ The Pope turns to the Franks and not to the Byzantines Now back to the story: the Lombards are threatening the Papal States. What's so interesting is that the Pope would have traditionally looked to the Byzantine emperor for protection from people like the Lombards, but by the time the Lombards were threatening Rome, the Byzantine Empire was not strong enough to defend Rome. So instead, the pope looked North to the kingdom of the Franks. The pope looked to Charlemagne. Charlemagne came to the pope’s