The Meiji Legacy: Gardens and Parks of Japan and Britain, 1850-1914 Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Schoppler, Luke Publisher University of Derby Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 05/10/2021 14:20:17 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/625069 UNIVERSITY OF DERBY The Meiji Legacy: Gardens and Parks of Japan and Britain, 1850-1914 Luke Schöppler Doctor of Philosophy 2020 Supervised by: Professor Paul Elliott and Dr Thomas Neuhaus 0 Contents Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Acknowledgements --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Historiography and Literature Review ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7 1. Chapter 1: Plant Hunters and the Nursery Trade: from sakoku to Victorian Japan Gardens - 27 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 1.1. Closing and opening Japan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31 1.2. Building the horticultural Trade: British and Japanese Nurseries ------------------------------ 43 1.3. Differentiating a distinct Japanese style: Chinese and Oriental aesthetics ------------------ 51 1.4. The Japan Garden: first representations of Japan in Britain ------------------------------------ 58 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 2. Chapter 2: European elements in the parks and gardens of Japan: Changing Japan and Changing Japanese Gardens ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 2.1. Existing Park Spaces in Japan: the extent of foreign ‘borrowing’ ------------------------------ 68 2.2. The Settlements and Treaty Ports: Parks and gardens in Japan designed for or by Foreigners ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73 2.3. The Meiji government’s promotion of Japan’s modernisation: National Industrial Exhibitions at new park sites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 2.4. Incorporation of European ideas into Japanese parks and gardens: Significance --------- 89 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 3. Chapter 3: Japanese Gardens in Public Spaces: Exhibitions, Villages and Parks ---------------- 99 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 3.1. Japanese Gardens at World Exhibitions ------------------------------------------------------------ 102 3.2. Japanese Villages and Japanese Themed Attractions ------------------------------------------- 115 3.3. Gardens inspired by the Exhibitions and Japanese themed Attractions -------------------- 121 3.4. Public Parks with Japanese Themed Gardens ----------------------------------------------------- 127 Conclusion: In the Public Eye -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143 4. Chapter 4: Japan Societies and Guides to make a Japanese garden ------------------------------ 145 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 146 4.1. Japan Societies: political motives and garden knowledge -------------------------------------- 148 4.2. Josiah Conder: an English Niwashi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 156 4.3. Practical applications: Conder’s books as garden construction guides ---------------------- 164 4.4. Scholarly Impact: making Conder’s work accessible --------------------------------------------- 169 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176 5. Chapter 5: Gardens and Emissaries: Connections with Japan through Aristocrats and Landscape designers --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 178 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 179 5.1. The Japan Garden as a Travel Souvenir ------------------------------------------------------------- 181 5.2. Creating a Souvenir Garden: Businesses, Garden Creators and their Connections ------ 187 5.3. The Royal Connection: King Edward VII & Japanese Garden Style --------------------------- 199 5.4. Aristocratic links: Meiji Garden Parties -------------------------------------------------------------- 208 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 212 6. Chapter 6: In search of Authenticity: Japanese Gardeners in Britain and Hidden Gardens - 214 Introduction: Reactions against the ‘inauthentic’ ------------------------------------------------- 215 6.1. When a Japanese garden, is not a Japanese garden ---------------------------------------------- 217 1 6.2. In search of Authenticity: Crediting native Japanese Gardeners ------------------------------ 224 6.3. Niwashi in Britain: Japanese gardens created by Native Gardeners ------------------------- 231 6.4. Edo and Meiji era styles of garden ------------------------------------------------------------------- 240 6.5. Hidden Gardens: When a Japanese garden, is not a Japanese garden - part 2 ------------ 248 Conclusion: New Japan gardens with added Japanese input ---------------------------------- 254 7. Chapter 7: Gardens at the Japan-British Exhibition 1910 and their legacy to garden design -256 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 257 7.1. The Politics of Exhibition -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 259 7.2. The Exhibition Gardens and their creators --------------------------------------------------------- 263 7.3. Critical reception and further evaluation of the exhibition gardens ------------------------- 273 7.4. Gardens inspired by the 1910 Exhibition ----------------------------------------------------------- 280 Conclusion: The legacy of the 1910 Exhibition and resulting evolution of Japan Gardens in Britain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 286 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 289 Bibliography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 302 Appendix ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i - v 2 Figures and Tables Figure 1 – Heian era garden example ........................................................................................ 7 Figure 2 – Shinto Temple Engraving ....................................................................................... 27 Figure 3 – Thunberg and von Siebold book covers ................................................................. 35 Figure 4 – List of attempted Contact with Japan by Europe and the US, 1543-1852. ............ 39 Figure 5 – Maries posing with Mr Kosaburo and his family at their nursery in Yokohama ... 43 Figure 6 – Yokohama Nursery Co., Nursery catalogue and Testimonials inc. Ethel Webb ... 47 Figure 7 – Shugborough Hall Chinese-style Garden (laid out circa 1747).............................. 51 Figure 8 – Willow Plate Pattern: Typical features of arched bridge and pagoda .................... 53 Figure 9 – Buildings at the 1903, Osaka National Industrial Exhibition ................................. 65 Figure 10 – View from the Kobuntei. Kairakuen, Mito: An Edo period Japanese Park ......... 70 Figure 11 – Ritsurin-en, Takamatsu: re-designated as a public park in 1875 .......................... 71 Figure 12 - Shinjuku Gardens, Tokyo: French Garden............................................................ 72 Figure 13 – Yamate park, Yokohama ...................................................................................... 76 Figure 14 – The remains of Samuel Cocking’s gardens and the greenhouse’s brick foundations ............................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 15 – Renovated Pelican Fountain at Hibiya Park, Tokyo and Open Lawns ................ 90 Figure 16 – European style, Brick building at Koishikawa Botanical Gardens, Tokyo, set within a Japanese garden ......................................................................................................... 94 Figure 17 – Murin-an, Kyoto: lawns in a Japanese Garden and Shakkei – borrowed scenery of distant hills. .............................................................................................................................. 96 Figure 18 – Vienna International Exposition 1873, Shinto Japanese garden .......................... 99 Figure 19 – Sketch of the Vienna Exposition 1873 Japanese Garden at Alexandra Park, London ..................................................................................................................................