Secretariat provided by the Workshop 3 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Doc TC 8.25 21 February 2008 8th MEETING OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 03 - 05 March 2008, Bonn, Germany ___________________________________________________________________________ Review of the Status of Introduced Non-Native Waterbird Species in the Area of the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement: 2007 Update Authors A.N. Banks, L.J. Wright, I.M.D. Maclean, C. Hann & M.M. Rehfisch February 2008 Report of work carried out by the British Trust for Ornithology under contract to AEWA Secretariat © British Trust for Ornithology British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU Registered Charity No. 216652 CONTENTS Page No. List of Tables...........................................................................................................................................5 List of Figures.........................................................................................................................................7 List of Appendices ..................................................................................................................................9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................11 RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................................................................................13 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................15 2. AIMS & OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................17 3. PROJECT APPROACH ......................................................................................................19 3.1 Correspondents .....................................................................................................................19 3.2 Questionnaires.......................................................................................................................19 3.3 Literature Review .................................................................................................................19 3.4 Database.................................................................................................................................19 4. THE STATUS OF NON-NATIVE INTRODUCED WATERBIRDS IN THE AEWA AREA........................................................................................................................21 4.1 Non-Native Introduced Species Known To Have Bred More Than Five Times In The Wild................................................................................................................................21 4.1.1 Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus.......................................................................24 4.1.2 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus and Caribbean Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber................................................................................................26 4.1.3 Chilean Flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis ...........................................................28 4.1.4 White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata...............................................30 4.1.5 Mute Swan Cygnus olor ...........................................................................................32 4.1.6 Black Swan Cygnus atratus......................................................................................35 4.1.7 Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus ...............................................................................38 4.1.8 Swan Goose Anser cygnoides...................................................................................39 4.1.9 Bean Goose Anser fabalis.........................................................................................41 4.1.10 Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus..............................................................42 4.1.11 Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons.......................................................44 4.1.12 Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus ......................................................45 4.1.13 Greylag Goose Anser anser......................................................................................47 4.1.14 Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus.............................................................................51 4.1.15 Snow Goose Chen caerulescens ...............................................................................53 4.1.16 Emperor Goose Chen canagicus .............................................................................54 4.1.17 Greater Canada Goose Branta canadensis & Cackling Goose Branta hutchinsii ......................................................................................................56 4.1.18 Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis ............................................................................59 4.1.19 Upland Goose Chloephaga picta..............................................................................61 4.1.20 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca ...................................................................63 4.1.21 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea......................................................................67 4.1.22 Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata............................................................................69 4.1.23 Wood Duck Aix sponsa ............................................................................................72 4.1.24 Mandarin Aix galericulata.......................................................................................75 4.1.25 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope.............................................................................77 4.1.26 Gadwall Anas strepera .............................................................................................78 BTO Research Report No. 489 1 February 2008 Page No. 4.1.27 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos....................................................................................79 4.1.28 Meller’s Duck Anas melleri .....................................................................................82 4.1.29 Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina...........................................................................83 4.1.30 Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis ............................................................................85 4.1.31 Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio .................................................................88 4.2 Non-Native Introduced Species That Have Bred Up To Five Times In The Wild, Or Are Not Known To Have Bred In The Wild.................................................................89 4.2.1 Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus...........................................................90 4.2.2 Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens ..............................................................90 4.2.3 Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus......................................................................90 4.2.4 Cattle Egret Ardea ibis.............................................................................................90 4.2.5 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax ..............................................90 4.2.6 Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis ............................................................................90 4.2.7 Black Stork Ciconia nigra........................................................................................90 4.2.8 European White Stork Ciconia ciconia ..................................................................91 4.2.9 Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis .............................................................91 4.2.10 Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus rubber.................................................................................91 4.2.11 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus................................................................................91 4.2.12 African Spoonbill Platalea alba...............................................................................91 4.2.13 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor..................................................................91 4.2.14 Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata ...................................................................92 4.2.15 Fulvous Whistling Duck Dendrocygna bicolour.....................................................92 4.2.16 Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica.......................................................92 4.2.17 West Indian Whistling Duck Dendrocygna arborea..............................................92 4.2.18 Black-bellied Whistling Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis.......................................92 4.2.19 Black-necked Swan Cygnus melanocorypha ..........................................................92 4.2.20 Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator ......................................................................92 4.2.21 Coscoroba Swan Coscoroba coscoroba ...................................................................93 4.2.22 Ross’s Goose Chen rossii..........................................................................................93 4.2.23 Hawaiian Goose Branta sandvicensis......................................................................93 4.2.24 Brent Goose Branta bernicla ...................................................................................93 4.2.25 Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis .....................................................................93