Journalism In The Age of Populism and Polarisation: Insights from the Migration Debate in Italy in partnership with About LSE Arena Based at the Institute of Global Affairs (IGA) within the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Arena is an innovative programme dedicated to overcoming the challenges of disinformation. The aim of the Arena programme is to use high-quality research, analysis and evaluation to create effective best practices that can then be disseminated to journalists, public diplomacy teams and civic groups. Arena seeks creative ways to counter the menace of unreality, stop the spread of hatred and division and foster a fact-based discourse that enhances security, enables democracy and entrenches trust. Its experimental research projects involve journalists, data analysts and activists who seek to both understand disinformation campaigns and reach audiences impacted by them. About Ca’ Foscari University of Venice Established in 1868 as the first Business School in Italy, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice is now one of Italy’s best universities in the country. Located in the heart of Venice, Ca’ Foscari has a national and international outstanding reputation for academic excellence in both teaching and research and has signed hundreds of international cooperation agreements with universities from all over the world, in order to promote mobility, research and training. The Laboratory of Data and Complexity coordinated by Walter Quattrociocchi is based in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics. Through an interdisciplinary and cross-methodological approach, its research team investigates mass social dynamics, (mis)information spreading, and the evolution of collective narratives in online social media. Contributors LSE Peter Pomerantsev, Director, LSE Arena Program Anne Applebaum, Professor in Practice Sophia Gaston, Senior Visiting Fellow Nicole Fusi, MSc International Migration and Public Policy student Zachary Peterson, Independent Consultant Ca’ Foscari University of Venice Walter Quattrociocchi, PhD, Head of Laboratory of Data and Complexity Fabiana Zollo, PhD, Assistant Professor, Research Fellow in the Venice Center for Humanities and Social Change Ana Lucía Schmidt, PhD, Postdoc Antonio Peruzzi, Research collaborator Corriere della Sera Beppe Severgnini, Deputy Editor-in-chief Andrea Federica de Cesco, Staff Writer Davide Casati, Digital Editor Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Foundations. Arena’s contributions were supported by LSE Arena program funds. Introduction Across the world – from the US to the UK, from Europe to South Asia and Latin America - politics and media are stuck in a spiral that incentivizes divisive rhetoric, hyper-par- tisanship and disinformation. The main beneficiaries of this spiral are a generation of politicians, often labeled ‘populist.’ What connects them is not their policies, but their ability to capture attention. They use intentionally inflammatory language and controver- sial ideas in order to focus attention on themselves and to divide electorates into crude wars of ‘us’ versus ‘them’. Sometimes they are supported by online squadrons of social media militias, as well as intensely biased publications with low editorial standards, that help push their messages. Traditional, ‘quality’ media that aspire to accuracy and balance find themselves caught in a catch-22: a failure to report on these politicians will result in accusations of censorship, but challenging them risks accusations of ‘fake news’ by the politicians themselves. Invariably, ‘quality’ media end up reporting on these politicians, reinforcing their agendas and language. But the way they report is also shaped by the peculiar financial incentives of the current moment. As traditional media, especially print publications, struggle to survive, they find themselves operating in an online advertising market that favors ‘clicka- ble’ stories – namely, the scandalous, personality-driven, polarising content that this new breed of politicians provide. The ad-tech market in which they operate is deeply un-trans- parent. It does not distinguish between publications that have a public service-spirited mission and editorial standards on the one hand, and partisan or deliberately misleading web-sites and social media pages on the other. The ad-tech market is in turn powered by the algorithmic architecture of the internet and social media, which is skewed towards highly emotive, hyper-partisan material that appeals to existing confirmation biases and feeds more ‘shares’ and ‘likes’. The very architecture of the internet rewards news or- ganizations and individual users who take ever more extreme and polarising positions1 - an algorithmic logic that in turn encourages the ‘populist’ politicians. They, in their turn, create content that mainstream media feels it is obliged to describe….and so the spiral spins on. In this research project we asked whether it was possible to report on the polarising subject of migration in ways that didn’t play into this spiral. Over the course of a year It- aly’s newspaper of record, Corriere della Sera, produced different types of content about migration, using different mediums (video and multimedia, text and infographics) and dif- ferent techniques (fact-checking, human interest and constructive news among others). Corriere created over a hundred pieces of content, while the LSE and Venice analysed engagement with them on Corriere’s Facebook page. We wanted to go beyond the usual commercial metrics of ‘likes’ and ‘shares’, and looked for what we called ‘public service spirited’ metrics of engagement that could help us understand what sort of content fos- tered a more civil debate, smoothed polarisation and enhanced trust towards accurate content. Our research is not meant to be final, and our sample size was limited. Our aim was to encourage thinking and conversation about an editorial framework that avoids the polarising games of ‘populist’ politicians. Instead, we ask whether it is possible to create content that is both popular, accurate and encouraging of constructive, thoughtful engagement. This is hard enough at the best of times, but to do so in the context of the malign spiral we have described it is nearly impossible. There is little incentive to produce public-service-spirited content for a publication that has to compete in the current ad- tech market and internet architecture, especially, as in Italy, where subscription models have not caught on. In order to avoid playing into the media strategies of ‘populist’ politi- cians and a new public sphere to emerge the whole negative spiral has to be dismantled. 1 The relationship between disinformation and social media has also been extensively explored by Walter Quattrociocci of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice https://www.pnas.org/content/113/3/554, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181821 Journalism In The Age of Populism and Polarisation: Insights from the Migration Debate in Italy | 7 How can this be done? Breaking the polarisation spiral will require, first and foremost, greater public oversight of the algorithms and social media models that currently encour- age extremism. Such regulation is already well on its way in Europe, and public pressure is growing in the US. It is important any regulation is not focused on censorship and ‘take-downs’, but on encouraging accurate content, high editorial standards and providing people with a balanced diet of content rather than encasing them in ‘echo chambers’. Breaking the polarisation spiral will also mean reforming the ad-tech system, to create incentives for content that is not just ‘clickable’, but also fosters more thoughtful engage- ment. As this report shows, it is possible to consider ‘public service spirited’ metrics of success, but the environment has to radically change if media are to focus on content that fosters a politics that revolves less around populist personalities, disinformation and polarisation. Peter Pomerantsev, Director, LSE Arena Program 8 | Journalism In The Age of Populism and Polarisation: Insights from the Migration Debate in Italy Executive Summary In 2018, LSE Arena, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera analysed the engagement of Corriere readers with content touching on the controversial and polarising topic of migration in Italy. The purpose was to address one of the most difficult problems in journalism today, which can be summed up in four related questions: • Which types of journalism intensify polarisation, and which reduce it? • How can one best communicate facts? • How can we foster constructive engagement? • Are there ways to avoid playing into the media strategies of “anti-establishment” politicians who make purposefully controversial statements in order to dominate the national debate, and then attack media who criticise them as “enemies of the people” or purveyors of “fake news”? Studying Corriere’s public Facebook page, the project compared the quantity of content about migration with the numbers of real migrants actually entering the country; exam- ined the sentiment of articles and comments on the Corriere Facebook page; looked at engagement metrics according to the quantity and proportion of Likes, Shares and Comments; and included an Annotation Analysis of over 20,000 comments to measure levels of • Toxic speech (as a measure of civil discourse);2 • Criticism of media source (Corriere della Sera),