i POWER POLITICS AND ROLE OF BARADARIES IN DISTRICT KHUSHAB (1982-2008) NAME: MUHAMMAD WARIS ROLL NO: 03-GCU-PhD-HIS-2004 SESSION: 2009-2012 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY GOVT. COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LAHORE ii This thesis is submitted to GC University Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of PhD in History By NAME: MUHAMMAD WARIS ROLL NO: 03-GCU-PhD-HIS-2004 SESSION: 2009-2012 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY GOVT. COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LAHORE iii iv v DEDICATION To the Loving Memory of My Father MUHAMMAD HAYAT AWAN and My SISTer SHAHNAZ AKHTAR (Late) vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I am extremely thankful to Almighty Allah who gave me strength and commitment to accomplish this monumental task on much debated issue of “POWER POLITICS AND ROLE OF BARADARIES IN DISTRICT KHUSHAB (1982-2008)”. I express my profound gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Farhat Mahmud. He provided me valuable support to accomplish this huge task. I am highly thankful to Dr.Tahir Kamran, Chairperson Department of History GCU Lahore and former Chairperson Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim for sparing time out of their very busy schedule and giving me highly pertinent and valuable pieces of advice, which helped me to overcome my shortcomings related to this thesis. I have deep feelings for Dr. Tahir Mahmud, Coordinator PhD Programme, Dr. Hussain Ahmad Khan, Dr. Tahir Jameel, Dr. Irfan Waheed Usmani, Mr. Noor Hussain, Madam Farzana Arshad, Mr. Ayyaz Gul, Madam Shiffa, Madam Naila Pervez, Department of History GCU Lahore for their kind guidance in organizing this task in practical manner. Madam Humma, Additional Controller of examinations GCU Lahore, She always listen patiently my quiries and immicably solved all technical issues relating to research and examinations. I am thankful for cooperation and support by the administrative staff, GCU Department of History, Muhammad Ilyas and Fahad Sohail. My special thanks are due to Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla, Dean of Social Sciences and Chairman, Department of History, University of the Punjab Lahore, whose special help and care always proved for me a blessing in disguise. I also pay special regards to my well wishers and personal friends in various universities and institutions, Dr. Rizwan Ullah Kokab GCU Faisalabad, Dr. Akhtar Hussain Sandhu, Professor PG College Township Lahore, Dr. Ghulam Ghaus, Registrar GCU Faisalabad, Dr. Abdul Qadir Mushtaq, Chairman Department of History & Pakistan Studies GCU Faisalabad, Hassan Sanwal, Department of History GCU Faisalabad, Dr. Faraz Anjum, Dr. Mehboob Hussain and Dr. Maqbool Ahmad Awan, Department of History PU Lahore, Dr. Sajid Mahmud Awan (NIHCR) QU Islamabad and Prof(R). Muhammad Saeed Saggu(My college Teacher and Mentor), former Director Budget and planning DPI Office Lahore, Prof(R) Malik Gulzar Ahmad Awan former Controller of Examinations BISE Sargodha and EDO Education vii Khushab, who gave me the ideas in right direction and motivated me to complete this task. The help and support of my MPhil and PhD class fellows at GCU Lahore, Mr. Khalid Naseem, Mr. Basharat Elahi Jamil, Mr. Amir Khan Shahid is highly praise worthy. I appreciate the cooperation and favour extended by political leadership, acdamicions, lawyers, and members of civil society of 51 union councils of District Khushab for sparing time to conduct interviews for my research. My thanks are also due to Dr. Tanvir Anjum ,Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Dr. Rahat Zubair Malik (NIHCR), Dr. Samina Awan ,Chairperson Department of History AIOU Islamabad, Dr. Mussarat Jabeen Asif, Coordinator and Professor University of Lahore Sargodha.Dr.Addil Saleem Department of Economics UOS,Muhammad Nawaz Bhatti Incharge Chairman Department of Political Science UOS, Dr. Kausar Perveen Department of History & Pakistan Studies UOS, Ms. Ghazala Hayat, Deputy Director ORICS UOS, Dr. Muhammad Shafique Bhatti, Chairman Department of History BZU Multan, Dr. Akbar Malik and Dr. Aftab Hussain Gillani, Department of History, Islamia University Bahawalpur. Dr. Allah Nawaz Khan, Gomal University DI Khan, Dr. Moosa Kaleem Baloach , Muhammad Mustaqeem ,Lecturer Chemistery, Sargodha University Bhakkar Campus. I am really indebted to my colleagues and friends specially Mr. Ghulam Qadeer Gondal GC Phularwan(Sargodha), Mr. Muhammad Bakhsh Gondal GC Kotmoman(Sargodha), Mr. Amir Hussain Alvi, Makhdoom Muhammad Bilal, Raja Muhammad Jamraiz, Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Muhammad Tanvir Khan, Adnan Saeed Khan,Gulzar Ahmad, Mazhar Iqbal Lak, Khalid Sardar, Muhammad Aslam Anjum, Tariq Aziz, My class fellow Ch. Zulfiqar Ali Warraich (The Staff Secretary) G.C.Bhalwal , Haq Nawaz Awan, Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad Jura, Dr. Nazar Abbas Gondal, Zafar Iqbal Harral, Ghulam Abbas,Sultan Haider Ali,Shujat Ali,Ahmad Munir zia, Muhammad Akram, Raja Muhammad Sarwar (Head Clerk), Manzoor Elahi (Clerk). Muhammad Yar Kahoot, Vice Principal G.C. Bhalwal (Sargodha), always encouraged and inspired me to complete my research as earlier as possible and join university. I am highly grateful to Mahr Khalid Mehmood Sipra, Associate Professor, Principal GC Bhalwal (Sargodha) for his special coopration and interest in my work. He always extended his full support whenever I requested. viii My MPhil students in the Department of History & Pakistan Studies University of Sargodha, Miss Rehana Iqbal SS History GGHS Chak 88 SB Sargodha, Syed Najam ul Hasnain Shah SS History (former Teaching Assistant Department of History University of Sargodha and presently SS History GHSS Nehang Sargodha),Malik Muhammad Qayyam Awan (late) Deputy Cmmissioner Attock District. Col. Malik Saif Ullah Awan (Incharge Security Mushif Air Base Sargodha), Mr. Nadeem Ahmad Farooq, UOS, Mr. Muhammad Tahir Headmaster GHS Raitri, Sahiwal, Mr. Mumtaz Kalyar from village Dera Jara Sargodha. They always helped me in my research work. Last but not the least, my deepest feelings for my sons , Muhammad Shehryar Awan Muhammad Asfand Yar Awan and Muhammad Zavyar Awan (The Yars). My sisters for their enormous prayers for my success.My nephews and nices,Muhammad Yaqoob Awan,Muhammad Ayub Awan,Naeem Iqbal Awan,Muhammad Janbaz Angra,Muhammad Shabaz Angra.Maqbool Fatima(Her son Muhammad Aafan), Laraib Zafar and Zunaira Rubab. Alas my father, Muhammad Hayat Awan, my younger sister, Shahnaz Akhtar my maternal uncle,Haji Alam Sher Awan and my cousions:Zafar Iqbal Awan, Muhammad Mumtaz Angra and Muhammad Iqbal Angra. (May God bless their souls) could not see my success in academic circles during their life time. ix CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi-viii LIST OF TABLES xi-xvi LIST OF GRAPHS xvi LIST OF MAPS xvi ABBREVIATIONS xvii ABSTRACT xviii-xix INTRODUCTION 1-42 1.1 Statement of the Problem 1 1.2 Theoratical Framework 2-3 1.3 Democracy: The Mehanism of Power Distribution 3-4 1.4 Signifacance of the Study 4-5 1.5 Objectives of the Study 5-6 1.6 Research Questions 6 1.7 Conceptual Framework 6-7 1.8 Methodology 7-10 1.9 Chapterisation 10-11 1.10 Litrature Review 11-27 1.11 Limitations of the Study 27 1.11.1 Punjab: Land and People 27-31 1.11.2 Condition of Punjab 31-34 1.11.3 Khushab 34-39 1.11.4 Political Landscape of Khushab 39-41 CHAPTER 2 42-92 BIRADARI AND POWER: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 43 2.1.1: Power Explained by Various Scholars 44-45 2.1.2 Idea of Power as the Control of Resources 45-48 2.2 Biradari: A Social Institution 48-49 2.3 Biradari and Power 49-51 2.4 Biradari in Indian History 51-52 2.5 Major Biradaries in the Punjab 52-53 2.6 Biradari and Power in British India 53-68 x 2.7 Biradari Elite in Punjab 68-86 2.8 Biradari and Politics in Pakistan 86-93 CHAPTER 3 94-132 INFILTRATION OF BIRADARI IN STATE INSTITUTIONS 3.1 Biradari in Army and Bureaucracy 94-99 3.2 Biradaries in Pakistan Army 99-120 3.3 Civil Bureaucracy and Power with Biradaries 120-132 CHAPTER 4 133-159 BIRADARI’S CONTROL OVER ECONOMIC RESOURCES 4.1 Importance of Biradari vs Wealth 133-135 4.2 Concentration of Wealth in Influential Biradaries 135-136 4.2.1 Forest Land 136-137 4.2.2 Cultivated Land 138-139 4.2.3 Power Struggle between Feudal Lords of Biradaries in Conflict with Kammis 139-142 4.2.4 Mines and Minerals 142-145 4.2.5 Ownership of Factories and Influence of Biradaries on Labour Force 146 4.2.6 Transport Business 146-147 4.2.7 Important Economic Positions 147 4.2.8 Dominance of Biradaries on Economic System of Zakat and Usher 148-151 4.2.9 Dominance of Biradaries on Market Committees in District Khushab 151-153 4.2.10 Dominance of Biradaries on District Bar Council Jauharabad/Khushab 153-159 CHAPTER 5 160-205 BIRADARI IN POWER THROUGH ELECTORAL POLITICS AND POLITICAL PARTIES 160 5.1 Electoral Significance of Biradaries in Khushab 160-163 5.2 Biradari’s Influence in Politics of Parliamentary Elections 163-174 xi 5.3 Affiliation of Biradariesand Political Parties 174-176 5.4 Role of Biradari in Khushab Elections 176-177 5.4.1 Awan Biradari 177-179 5.4.2 Tiwana Biradari 180-181 5.4.3 Baluch Biradari 182-183 5.4.4 Bandial Biradari 183-184 5.4.5 Gunjial Biradari 184-185 5.4.6 Joyia Biradari 185-186 5.4.7 Other Biradaries 186-187 5.5 Local Government Elections and Biradari in Khushab 187-189 5.5.1 Local Government Elections in Khushab 1982 189-191 5.5.2 Local Government Elections in Khushab 1983 191-192 5.5.3 Local Government Elections in Khushab 1987 192-193 5.5.4 Local Government Elections in Khushab 1992 193 5.5.5 Local Government Elections in Khushab 1998 193-194 5.5.6 Local Government Elections in Khushab 2002 194-195 5.5.7 Local Government Elections in Khushab 2005 195-205 CONCLUSION 206-216 BIBLIOGRAPHY 217-236 APPENDICES 237-246 Appendix A District Wise Ranking of Social Development in Pakistan 236 Appendix B Third Quartile Districts and Khushab 237 AppendixC Local Bodies Election 2005 (Khushab District) 238-39 Appendix D Provincial Assembly Results (1937-2008) 240-243 Appendix E National Assembly Results (1962-2008) 244-245 xii LIST OF TABLES T/NO.