World History Detective® Book 1 Ancient Civilizations 20. Persian Wars BLACK SEA GREECE GREECE AEGEAN SEA • Troy Thermopylae AEGEAN LYDIAN ASIAN SEA KINGDOM Sardis IONIAN MINOR Athens • Athens Plataea SEA Marathon • Sparta Salamis MEDITERRANEAN SEA CRETE CRETE MEDITERRANEAN SEA Sparta and Allies Lydian Kingdom Athens and Allies 10 A 1Although the Persian Wars were fought C In 490 B.C., Darius, still angry about the between the Greeks and Persians, they actually burning of Sardis, decided to invade Athens. began with the Lydians. 2In the middle of the sixth 11About 25,000 Persians landed at the Plain century B.C., the Greek city-states along the coast of Marathon, where they were met by a much of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) were conquered smaller Athenian army. 12The Athenians beat the by the Lydians, and their king, Croesus (ruled 560- Persians, who retreated to their ships and set sail 546 B.C.). 3Croesus minted coins using gold from for Athens, thinking they’d conquer Athens while the river Pactolus. 4He was so wealthy that the its army was marching home. 13The Athenians phrase, “rich as Croesus,” is still used today. realized the Persian’s plan and raced back to Athens, and defeated the Persians again. 14Legend B 5Meanwhile, in Persia (present-day Iran), Cyrus has it that after the Battle of Marathon, a Greek the Great (ruled c. 560-530 B.C.) had united two warrior ran about 25 miles to Athens to announce, big tribes into a huge, strong empire. 6In 546 “Nike!” (victory in Greek) and then fell dead from B.C., Cyrus and the Persian army conquered the exhaustion. Lydians, so the Greek city-states came under Persian rule. 7The Persians set up rulers in each D 15In 480 B.C., Darisus’ son, Xerxes (ruled 486- city-state, made the Greeks serve in the Persian 465 B.C.), decided to conquer all of Greece. 16With army and taxed everyone severely. 8In 499 B.C., more than 150,000 soldiers and 600 ships, Xerxes some of the city-states rebelled and got help sailed into the eastern Aegean Sea. 17The Greeks from the Athenians, who conquered and burned were aware of Xerxes’ intentions, so Athens, Lydia’s capital, Sardis. 9However after many years Sparta, and other city-states joined forces. 18The of battling, the Athenians stopped fi ghting, so in Athenians believed the Persian army could be 494 B.C., the rebel city-states were conquered beaten on land, but they feared the Persians would once more, by Persian King Darius I (558-486 B.C.). beat them on the sea. 19They needed time to build hundreds of ships to make sure Athens’ navy could successfully battle the Persian fl eet. 20So Spartan 82 © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849 World History Detective® Book 1 Ancient Civilizations Written Response Question 10. From the choice box, find the information missing from the table on battles of the Persian ars.W Lydians Salamis Marathon Cyrus the Great Persia Plataea Greeks Xerxes Athenians Darius I Thermopylae Spartans 499 B.C. Athenians Battles of the Persian Wars Battle or Date Opponents Winner Lydians Middle 6th Century B.C. vs. __________ Greek city-states _________________ & Persians 546 B.C. vs. Persians Lydians ____________ & Greeks city-states ____________ vs. Athenians __________ ____________ & Persians 494 B.C. vs. Persians Greek city-states Darius I & Persians ____________ vs. ____________ Athenians ____________ & Persians ___________________ vs. Persians Greeks and ____________ Persians ____________ vs. Greeks Greeks Persians ____________ vs. ____________ Greeks © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849 85 World History Detective® Book 1 Answers Answers 1. Scientists and Dating of History (p. 1) 3. Early Modern Humans (p. 9) 1. d, sentence 1 1. a. O 2. b, sentence 12 b. F 3. c c. O 4. b, sentence 5 d. F 5. d, sentence 5 2. a. F, sentence 14 6. d, sentences 3, 4 b. F, sentence 17 7. c c. F, sentence 25 8. c, sentence 9 d. T, sentence 25 9. d, sentence 40 3. b, sentence 20 10. Key points: Anthropology is the scientifi c 4. c, sentences 3, 16 study of man. All aspects such as physical 5. d characteristics, environment, and culture are 6. a, sentences 10, 15 studied. Archeology is the study of past human 7. a, sentence 9 life using artifacts. 8. a, b, c, sentences 5, 16, 21 9. a. O Scientists who identify and b. O evaluate evidence to produce theories about the past. c. F d. F 10. Historical Paleontologists_______________ Archaeologists_______________ Anthropologists_______________ _______________geographers Neanderthals Both Early Modern Humans taller than Neanderthals _________________________ _________________________hunted _________________________ 5’ to 5’5” big bones _________________________ study how ________places study ___________fossils study prehistoric and study __________humans ________________________nomads had strong bones change and how ___________________________ to learn about historic __________people from their beginnings no brow ridges ___________________________ people in the past lived during last ice age prehistory. and their _________cultures. to the present. ________________________ ___________________________ brow ridges on skulls interacted with their better tools, weapons ___________________________ ____________environment. _____________________emerged in Africa __________________________ simple tools, weapons created Venus fi gurines __________________________ _____________________walked upright failed__________________________ to adapt at end of ice age cave wall drawings using color __________________________ 2. Prehistory to Neanderthals (p. 5) _________________gathered plants 1. c, sentence 5 adapted to end of ice age_______________________ 2. a. 3 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 3. d, sentence 17 4. The Middle Stone Age Through the 4. c, sentence 15 New Stone Age (p. 12) 5. a. O 1. d, sentence 3 b. F 2. b, sentences 14, 15 c. O 3. a, sentence 20 d. F 4. a 6. b, c, d 5. d, sentences 25, 26 7. c, sentences 3, 4 6. d, sentence 31 8. c, sentence 1 7. b 9. c 8. b, sentence 31 10. Key points: This is true because there are no 9. a. F written records, just fossils and artifacts. b. O c. F _________________________Neanderthals d. F 10. Key points: The people of the Mesolithic period developed better tools for hunting and raised animals for food. Existed during the last _______________.ice age The people in the Neolithic period learned to farm, which led to the formation of communities. __________________walked upright used _______________fi re used __________________tools were _________________nomadic 328 © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849 World History Detective® Book 1 Answers 10. Battles of the Persian Wars 21. Peloponnesian Wars (p. 87) 1. b, sentence 5 Battle or Date Opponents Winner 2. a, sentence 1 Lydians 3. c, sentence 19 Middle 6th Century B.C. vs. Lydians Greek city-states 4. b, sentence 9 _________________Cyrus the Great & Persians 5. a. F, sentence 16 546 B.C. vs. Persians Lydians b. F, sentence 13 c. F, sentence 9 ____________Athenians & Greeks city-states ____________499 B.C. vs. Athenians d. T, sentence 27 Persia 6. a. 4 ____________Darius I & Persians 494 B.C. vs. Persians b. 2 Greek city-states c. 1 ___________Darius I & Persians d. 3 ____________Marathon vs. ____________Athenians Athenians 7. d, sentences 12, 26 ____________Xerxes & Persians 8. a, sentence 20 ___________________Thermopylae vs. Persians 9. c, sentence 18 Greeks and ____________Spartans 10. Key points: Sparta was threatened by the Persians ____________Salamis vs. Greeks strength of the Delian League. They, and their Greeks Peloponnesian League allies, felt they needed Persians to attack. ____________Plataea vs. ____________Greeks Greeks 11. Key points: Some Delian League members dropped out of the alliance which upset Athens, so the Athenians attacked. The attack failed and Athens was weakened. The Spartans then decided the time was right so they attacked Athens again, starting the 2nd Peloponnesian army at again at Salamis __________ War. __________ Thermopylae Battled Persian Persians beaten Leonidas Xerxes ____________ and 300 Spartans B.C. to 465 ____________486 walls Persia tear down dismantled by democracy __________ __________ Sparta attacks with __________ army beaten Athens 2nd war 413 B.C. beaten again __________ Battle of in __________ regained smaller Athenian smaller Marathon city-states Darius ____________ ____________ ____________ 558 B.C. to 486 Delian surrenders __________ members quit Persian Wars Athens eventually some __________ (against Greece) Persia Lydians taxes heavy rulers city-states __________ __________ in Peloponnesian Wars united army defeated __________ __________ Cyrus _________ 560 B.C. to 530 Sparta _________ the Great League and allies __________ Peloponnesian strong _______________ military coins Greek forced Greeks to serve in _______ 1st war 431 B.C. rich city-states ____________ minted Lydian conquered navy very ____________ King Croesus ____________ ____________ _________ 560 B.C. to 546 Athens and allies __________ Delian strong __________ League 336 © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849.