A JOURNAL OF COMPOSITION THEORY ISSN : 0731-6755 Hardware & software tools used in the detection of glaucoma eye diseases in human beings 1Fazlulla Khan, 2Dr. Ashok Kusagur 1Research Scholar (Part-Time), USN: 4UB15PEJ04, VTU Research Centre, Govt. BDT College of Engg., EEE Dept., Davanagere, Karnataka & Asst. Prof., ECE Dept., HMS Inst. of Tech., Tumakuru, Karnataka 2Associate Professor & Head, Electrical & Electronics Engg. (EEE) Dept., Govt. BDT College of Engg., Davanagere, Karnataka Abstract – This paper gives a brief review about the easily. But, in the glaucomatic eye, the trabecular meshwork various types of hardware & software tools used in the shown in the figure is blocked and hence the flow of the fluid design, development & implementation of algorithms for the is blocked, the pressure build up is shown and hence there is automatic detection of glaucoma in human beings. The a change in the optic nerve size, it bursts, the connectivity different types of hardware tools used are FPGA, HDL Kit between the eye and the brain is lost, which is leading to the & the software tools that are used are ModelSim, Xilinx, loss of the vision in the human eye [11]-[15]. Matlab, Simulink, Python, etc…. In this paper, a small review is given w.r.t. the said tools, which being used in the Here, in this work, the detection of glaucoma is planned to glaucoma detection, topic of research taken by us as a part be done using image processing algorithms on eye fundus of the Ph.D. programme. images, like watershed algorithms in an FPGA, the HOG algorithm using SVM, the genetic algorithms & the Keywords – Glaucoma, Eye, Disease, Normal, Affected, convolution neural network using the ANNs. The image processing techniques have already been starting to be used Blocks, Pressure, Tool, Hardware, Implementation, FPGA, in detection of various ailments such as tumors etc. So, Xilinx, Modelsim, Matlab, Simulation. detection of this eye diseases can empower ophthalmologist to be more efficient in their work [16]-[20]. 1. Introduction One of the danger of the glaucoma is that it is gradual and Glaucoma causes permanent blindness due to the damage of causes no pain and symptoms to the patients in its early optic nerves. It is an incurable disease so the diagnosis of the stage. Glaucoma causes loss of vison in the peripheral and disease is very imperative. The data shows that it is one of spreads do the center if it is not treated. Data from the WHO the leading cause for the blindness in the world, and also the (World Health Organization) shows is the cause of 15% of second most eye disease in huge numbers across the total blindness cases reported making it the second leading universe. So, the diagnosis of this disease in the early stage, cause for blindness. Projections show that, in the next and patient monitoring for long time and arriving with an decade, it can potentially affect ~80 million people [21]- applicable remedy in an appropriate time window by an [25]. ophthalmologist is a imperative [1]-[5]. When circulation of liquid called aqueous humor, in the front part of the eyes is not proper it results in a high fluid pressure inside the eyes. This is the cause for glaucoma. Tis is illustrated in the Fig. 1. The aqueous humor in normal eyes, discharges out of the eye the channel resembling mesh. When this channel for whatever reason gets blocked, the liquid density increases, and thus causes in the high pressure. This causes Glaucoma. In the Fig. 1 shown, there is a lot of difference which is shown between the anatomy of the Fig. 1 : Anatomy of normal and glaucoma eye normal eye & the glaucomatic eye, i.e., the eye which is affected with the glaucoma disease [6]-[10]. How the glaucoma occurs in the early stages is shown in the Fig. 2. In the normal eye, the trabecular meshwork is shown which is responsible for the flow of the aqueous fluid, there is a channel shown, which is free and hence the fluid can flow Volume XII Issue X OCTOBER 2019 Page No: 600 A JOURNAL OF COMPOSITION THEORY ISSN : 0731-6755 Fig. 2 : Vision of normal and glaucoma eyes consists of modules and the language allows Behavioral, Dataflow and Structural Description. VHDL (Very High 2. Types of Glaucoma Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) is standardized by IEEE1164. The design is composed of There are a large number of types of glaucoma which occurs entities consisting of multiple architectures. SystemC is a in the human eyes both at the primary level, secondary level language that consist a set of C++classes and macros. It & at the tertiary level, which is termed as the normal, allows electronic system level and transaction modeling. moderate & the severe level in context of severity of the disease. Here, in this section, different types of glaucoma Need for HDLs are discussed as below. These are marked by an increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) or pressure inside the eye [1]- The Moore’s Law in the year 1970 has brought a drastic [25]. change in the field of IC technology. This change has made Open-Angle Glaucoma the developers to bring out complex digital and electronic Angle-Closure circuits. But the problem was the absence of a better Normal Tension Glaucoma programming language allowing hardware and software Congenital Glaucoma codesign. Complex digital circuit designs require more time Primary Glaucoma for development, synthesis, simulation and debugging. The Secondary Glaucoma arrival of HDLs has helped to solve this problem by allowing each module to be worked by a separate team. Neo-vascular glaucoma Neo-vascular glaucoma All the goals like power, throughput, latency (delay), test Exfoliate Glaucoma coverage, functionality and area consumption required for a Pigmentary Glaucoma design can be known by using HDL. As a result, the designer Chronic Glaucoma can make the necessary engineering tradeoffs and can Traumatic Glaucoma develop the design in a better and efficient way. Simple In the research work that we are going to take up further is syntax, expressions, statements, concurrent and sequential going to deal with the primary glaucoma detection along programming is also necessary while describing the with the hardware implementation of the same so that both electronics circuits. All these features can be obtained by at the simulation level & at the implementation level, it using a hardware description language. Now would have been validated. while comparing HDL and C languages, the major 3 Hardware & software tools used for research work difference is that HDL provides the timing information of a The various h/w & s/w tools that are used in the course of design. the research work are explained as follows one after the other HDL Structure & Design in a nut-shell. Generally, HDL structure consist a textual description Hardware description language (HDL) is a specialized involving many inputs, outputs, signals operators, computer language used to program electronic and digital components, multiple architectures, and comments. logic circuits. The structure, operation and design of the Concurrent and sequential way of programming style is circuits are programmable using HDL. HDL includes a possible in HDL. Each and every HDL uses a different textual description consisting of operators, expressions, structure and design method. The examples shown below statements, inputs and outputs. Instead of generating a using VHDL and Verilog will help to get an overall idea computer executable file, the HDL compilers provide a gate about HDL structure and design. map. The gate map obtained is then downloaded to the programming device to check the operations of the desired HDL Simulation & Debugging circuit. The language helps to describe any digital circuit in the form of structural, behavioral and gate level and it is HDL Simulation involves the need of a test bench. A test found to be an excellent programming language for FPGAs bench is an environment used to check the correctness of the and CPLDs. design. The test bench involves the inputs, outputs and the procedure to be done. The HDL simulator will execute the The three common HDLs are Verilog, VHDL, and test bench; thereby the designer can verify the function of SystemC. Of these, SystemC is the newest. The HDLs will the circuit on the waveform analyzer provided by the HDL allow fast design and better verification. In most of the simulator. Many simulators are there for HDLs. OR Gate industries, Verilog and VHDL are common. Verilog, one of Simulation Waveform from Xilinx ISim is shown in the Fig. the main Hardware Description Language standardized as 3 & the AND Gate Simulation Waveform from Xilinx ISim IEEE 1364 is used for designing all types of circuits. It is shown in the Fig. 4. Volume XII Issue X OCTOBER 2019 Page No: 601 A JOURNAL OF COMPOSITION THEORY ISSN : 0731-6755 Array Logic (PAL) devices. Finally, System Verilog is an extension to Verilog. MATLAB 2017b Fig. 3 : OR Gate Simulation Waveform from Xilinx ISim MATLAB® is a programming platform designed Debugging can be done before and after simulation. If errors specifically for engineers and scientists. The heart of are present, the HDL simulators usually give an error report MATLAB is the MATLAB language, a matrix-based and thereby corrections can be done. Also, by checking the language allowing the most natural expression of simulation result the errors can be found and rectified. computational mathematics. The language, apps, and built- ModelSim, Xilinx ISim, Aldec Active - HDL are some in math functions enable you to quickly explore multiple examples of HDL simulators. approaches to arrive at a solution. MATLAB lets you take your ideas from research to production by deploying to enterprise applications and embedded devices, as well as integrating with Simulink® and Model-Based Design.