Maryunani, Salfitrie Roos. 2019. The Making of a Creative City: Bandung and Its Creative Indus- tries Ecosystem. Doctoral thesis, Goldsmiths, University of London [Thesis] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/27684/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] THE MAKING OF A CREATIVE CITY: BANDUNG AND ITS CREATIVE INDUSTRIES ECOSYSTEM By: Salfitrie Roos Maryunani 33167580 A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy Institute for Creative and Cultural Entrepreneurship Goldsmiths University of London 2018 DECLARATION Declaration of Authorship I, Salfitrie Roos Maryunani, declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Signed: Salfitrie Roos Maryunani Date: 21 March 2018 1 Acknowledgment All the praises and thanks be to Allah who is the Lord of the worlds, that I finally have completed doing my MPhil. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the roles of several individuals who are instrumental for completion of this research. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Michael Hitchcock, for the guidance and supervision as well as providing invaluable information regarding this research and the support in completing this endeavour. Also to Prof. Gerald Lidstone, for imparting his knowledge and expertise to this study. Not to mention to Mr. Dwi Larso, PhD, for introducing me to the whole new level of education at Goldsmiths. And ultimately to Prof. Bill Watson, whom I am highly indebted for his continuous guidance during the ‘injury time’ of my writing process. This work would not materialise without the support of the scholarship from Directorate General of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education and Culture Republic Indonesia and also from my home institution, the School of Business and Management – Institut Teknologi Bandung. A special thanks to my fellow friends in the committee, in alphabetical order, Amilia Wulansari, Dina Dellyana, Isti R. Mirzanti, Melia Famiola, R. Bayuningrat Hardjakaprabon, Sonny Rustiadi, and Yulianto, who in one way or another have shared their support and friendship, both personally and professionally. My heartfelt appreciation to my mother, Koeshariyani, and my sisters, Riski Sinar Respati and Sekar Arrum Nuswantari, whose unconditional loves and never-ending prayers have kept me going through all the adversities. And essentially to my husband, Muhammad Ibrahim Saify, thank you for your patience and understanding all these years, and to my son, Eldiaz Salman Koeshandika, thank you for the adventures of a lifetime. I love you both for evermore. 2 Abstract This thesis seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the context and internal dynamics of creative industries and their relationship with cities, using the case of Bandung. The principal idea underlying the research is that we need to think longer and harder about creative industries than has so far been the case. We need to reflect on how these industries have grown up and what has been the strategic thinking underpinning their development. In the context of Bandung that means we have to look at factors relating both to the historical and socio-cultural background of the city and to the impact of government policy in recent years. The research employs a mixed methodology. The literature reviewed reflects on what has taken place in other countries, and how we can learn from ideas and theories that have been developed by other writers. In Bandung itself in-depth interviews were conducted with several influential figures: with the entrepreneurs in creative businesses; representatives of the government, those responsible for policies that affect the creative industries, representatives of creative-based communities, and academics. The thesis identifies the principal policies that have helped underpin Bandung’s creative industries development, as well as the key players and people of influence in formulating and implementing these policies. It also describes the ways which the geographical location of the city, its socio-economic development over time, and its significance as a major centre of higher education have all been instrumental to its growth as a hub of creative industries. However, the thesis notes that Bandung’s development has been uneven and that there is still much that the government can do, in particular in the areas indicated in the conclusion. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgment ................................................................................................. 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ....................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ........................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 9 Background to this Research ..................................................................................... 11 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 17 Theoretical Background .................................................................................................. 17 Bandung .......................................................................................................................... 20 Research Issues ............................................................................................................... 24 Research Contribution to Knowledge and Originality .................................................... 27 Chapter 2 – THEORETICAL, HISTORICAL AND REGIONAL BACKGROUND .............. 30 Cultural and Creative Industries: a Review of the Terminology................................... 30 The Creative City Notion ........................................................................................... 35 The Beginning of the Creative Industries in the UK .................................................... 39 Indonesia's Creative Economy ................................................................................... 41 Indonesia's Creative Industries ................................................................................. 46 Bandung as a ‘Creative City’ ...................................................................................... 48 Understanding the Concept of the Creative City ........................................................ 52 Assessment on the Creative City Concept in Indonesian Context ................................ 61 Framework in Developing Creative Entrepreneurship in Bandung .............................. 64 Hard Infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 65 Soft Infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 66 Somewhere in Between.................................................................................................. 68 City and Urban Settlement........................................................................................ 70 Policy in Urban and Cultural Context ......................................................................... 73 Urban Regeneration in Developed and Developing Countries .................................... 78 US and British Examples ................................................................................................. 78 The Adaptation of Western Models ............................................................................... 80 Chapter 3 – RESEARCH METHODS ....................................................................... 85 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 85 Literature Relating to Historical Context ........................................................................ 85 Theoretical Literature ..................................................................................................... 85 Primary Published Materials ..................................................................................... 90 Interviews with Participants in the Creative Industries in Bandung ............................ 91 Additional Comments on Methodology ..................................................................... 95 Chapter 4 – THE CREATIVE CITY OF BANDUNG, INDONESIA IN ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT ........................................................................................................... 96 4 The Development of Indonesia in the 20th Century .................................................... 96 Economic Development .................................................................................................. 96 Politics ........................................................................................................................... 100 Social and Urban Elements ..........................................................................................